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FDA approval of inhaled insulin offered the possibility of a new direction in diabetes care. Nonetheless, within a year of coming to market, the first inhaled insulin product was withdrawn by the manufacturer. Here, Mitri and Pittas examine the factors behind the failure of inhaled insulin to be adopted by patients and clinicians.
The gut hormone ghrelin is a putative signal of energy balance. In addition, ghrelin might act as a pleotrophic modulator of reproductive function. The experimental and clinical data that support a role for ghrelin in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis are summarized by the author of this Review.
As genetic and imaging techniques advance, more is becoming known about the nature of various fetal disorders. Some of these disorders may be treated, with varying degrees of success, through the mother. This Review presents information particularly on fetal adrenal and thyroid disorders and discusses the various management approaches and their related risks and outcomes.
