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Atomic clocks using optical transitions have much better frequency stability compared to microwave counterparts, but are also more complex, which means their use has been mostly lab-based so far. Here, the authors demonstrate successful operation of three different optical atomic clocks on a ship at sea for three weeks.

Federated learning (FL) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution to train models for healthcare imaging across institutions while preserving privacy. Here, the authors describe the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge for the decentralised benchmarking of FL algorithms and evaluation of Healthcare AI algorithm generalizability in real-world cancer imaging datasets.

Allelic losses occurring in cancer cells have been suggested as potential targets for therapy. Here, the authors show how recurring loss of heterozygosity of a drug metabolic gene in colorectal cancers can be exploited using a low molecular weight compound.

Here the authors apply machine learning approaches to Alzheimer’s genetics, confirm known associations and suggest novel risk loci. These methods demonstrate predictive power comparable to traditional approaches, while also offering potential new insights beyond standard genetic analyses.

Analyses of 2,658 whole genomes across 38 types of cancer identify the contribution of non-coding point mutations and structural variants to driving cancer.

HARE5, a human accelerated region enhancer, modulates cortical development by influencing neural progenitor cell behaviour, leading to an enlarged neocortex with increased functional independence between cortical regions through amplified WNT signalling.

Cohesin plays a crucial role in both chromosome organization and DNA repair. Here the authors find that cohesin mediated genome architecture prevents interactions between damaged chromatin. In contrast cohesin phosphorylation  appears to primarily impact DNA repair speed.

This study suggests a mechanism by which LSD1 controls DNA methylation in mouse ESCs, independently of its lysine demethylase activity. The demethylase-independent function of LSD1 regulates the DNMT1 and UHRF1 protein stability through interaction with USP7 and HDAC1.

Species’ traits and environmental conditions determine the abundance of tree species across the globe. Here, the authors find that dominant tree species are taller and have softer wood compared to rare species and that these trait differences are more strongly associated with temperature than water availability.

Targeted protein degradation has so far been rarely applied as an antiviral strategy. Here, the authors report that macrocycle-based PROTACs targeting host protein cyclophilin A, exploited during viral infection, show potent and isoform-selective degradation resulting in antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HCV.

Wendrich, Gallant and colleagues find that USP53 and USP54 are active deubiquitinases, with USP53 removing ubiquitin chains from substrate proteins in a chain-linkage-directed manner, and provide biochemical and structural insights into their mechanism, cellular substrates and disease implications.

Polygenic risk scores for Alzheimer’s disease derived from individuals of European ancestry can show improved performance in multiancestry settings after incorporating genome-wide association summary statistics from diverse populations.

Interrogation of electronic health records and the B and T cell repertoires of people with PSC shows a link between Epstein–Barr virus and primary sclerosing cholangitis, an incurable autoimmune liver disease.

CD200R1 is a transmembrane receptor expressed on macrophages. Here the authors report that the interaction of CD200R1 with its ligand CD200, expressed by tumor cells, suppresses phagocytosis, and that targeting CD200R1-CD200 promotes macrophage-mediated anti-tumor response.

A scalable quantum processor based on the discrete-time quantum walk of time-bin-entangled photon pairs on synthetic temporal photonic lattices is realized on a fibre-coupled loop system. Key fundamental quantum operations are demonstrated.

A phase 1 feasibility trial shows that bilateral deep brain stimulation within the central lateral thalamus can be safely applied and is associated with improved executive control.

Multiple types of DNA damage can lead to mutations in normal cells, ultimately contributing to the development of cancer. Here, the authors redefine the spectrum of mutational signatures linked to a particular type of DNA damage to uncover the protective role of specialized DNA repair mechanisms.

Two-dimensional materials are unique to build heterostructures with contrasting spintronic properties. Here, Dankert and Dash utilize a van der Waals heterostructure with graphene and MoS₂to demonstrate an all-electrical device for creation, transport and control of the spin current up to room temperature.

Navigation relies on detecting left versus right body asymmetries for gaze and course stability. A central three-layer optic flow-sensitive network with competitive lateral disinhibition extracts asymmetries from complex motion patterns.

A randomized crossover trial showed that transition to a Western diet resulted in pro-inflammatory changes, whereas transition to an African heritage diet rich in fruits and vegetables, legumes and fermented products led to opposite effects.

The flagship paper of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium describes the generation of the integrative analyses of 2,658 cancer whole genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types, the structures for international data sharing and standardized analyses, and the main scientific findings from across the consortium studies.

Primary colonization by microbial communities dominated by Bifidobacteria contribute to stable gut microbiota assembly and long-term pathogen resistance in neonates.

A survey across 90 societies reveals that variation and change in everyday norms are explained by a single value dimension: the priority societies place on individualizing versus binding moral concerns.

Aberrant redox homeostasis links lipid metabolism and cell death programs. Here, authors reveal how cell stress reduces growth factor signaling, enriching polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids and sensitizing membranes to oxidative damage.

Small CRISPR Cas9 proteins have potential in gene therapies but generally have poor editing efficiency or specificity and often recognize sub-optimal PAM sequences. Here the authors characterise four small nucleases and use protein engineering to create effective in vivo editors.

Atom diffusion on surfaces is a fundamental process, which is widely believed to be independent of magnetic interactions. Here, the authors demonstrate that the symmetry of the magnetic state restricts adatom movement to one dimension.

A global dataset of the satellite-tracked movements of pelagic sharks and fishing fleets show that sharks—and, in particular, commercially important species—have limited spatial refuge from fishing effort.

This study reports a motif of local field potentials that maps onto the anatomical layers of the cortex, is preserved across macaque cortical areas and across primates and may represent a ubiquitous layer-based and frequency-based cortical mechanism.

Efforts to identify microbial signatures of response to immune checkpoint blockade suggest that strain-level associations may be cancer type agnostic but cancer therapy specific.

Notch1 is frequently activated promoting T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL). Here, the authors show that Notch1 induces oxidative phosphorylation dependency in T-ALL and synergism when inhibiting both mitochondrial complex I and glutaminolysis in preclinical murine and human xenograft models.

The real-time monitoring of nitric oxide levels in the human body is critical for understanding the roles it has in biological processes. Jiang et al. report a graphene-based sensor for selective detection of nitric oxide in living cells with direct electrical read-out and sub-nanomole sensitivity.

Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies on Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias identifies new loci and enables generation of a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.

Poeck and colleagues identify a microbiome signature in patients receiving allogenic stem cell transplantation, which is associated with protective immune-modulatory metabolites, improved survival and less transplant-related mortality.

Ibrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor, provides effective treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Here, the authors describe time-dependent molecular changes to malignant cells and to the immune system in patients undergoing ibrutinib therapy, with can be used for therapy monitoring.

Sodium-ion batteries face challenges due to electrode degradation and interphase instability. Here, authors develop a smart gel polymer electrolyte for hard carbon||NaNi_1/3Fe_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ batteries via in situ polymerization of specific monomers in conventional electrolytes.

Current methods to predict structures of proteins cannot handle large assemblies with complex symmetries. Here, the authors demonstrate that structures of proteins with cubic symmetries can be accurately predicted with a method combining AlphaFold with symmetrical assembly simulations.

Reaching fundamental noise limits permits optimal extraction of spectroscopic information from an absorption measurement. Here, the authors demonstrate a quantum-limited spectrometer with which they can obtain an extremely accurate measurement of the excited-state hyperfine splitting in Cs.

Two ‘outrigger’ telescopes were added to CHIME, leading to the localization at detection of FRB 20210603A. The burst originated from deep within the star-forming disk of its host galaxy.

Visium spatial transcriptomics, single-nucleus RNA sequencing and co-detection by indexing are used to identify distinct spatial microregions in tumours and their microenvironment across six diverse solid cancer types.

A technique that uses the rotating electric-field vector of a circularly polarized laser pulse as a ‘clock’ provides a fresh approach to measuring electron dynamics with attosecond time resolution.

Precise control of single-photon states and multiphoton entanglement is demonstrated on-chip. Two- and four-photon entangled states have now been generated in a waveguide circuit and their interference tuned. These results open up adaptive and reconfigurable photonic quantum circuits not just for single photons, but for all quantum states of light.

Clostridium difficile is the major cause of antibiotic-induced diarrhoea. It has been suggested that one of C. difficile's virulence factors, toxin B, is activated by a host protease upon cell entry. This study demonstrates that toxin cleavage is an autocatalytic process induced by host inositolphosphate.

Skyrmions are topologically protected field configurations that appear as solutions of continuous quantum-field theories. Recently, they have been observed in magnetic bulk alloys, where a lattice of skyrmions is stabilized by an external magnetic field. In contrast, this study finds evidence for a skyrmion lattice as a spontaneous ground state, encoded into a magnetic spin texture on the atomic scale.

The wake-active orexin system plays a central role in the dynamic regulation of glucose homeostasis. Here the authors report that inactivation of the orexin receptor type 1 or 2 in serotonergic neurons differentially regulate systemic glucose homeostasis in the context of diet induced obesity.

Phenotypic profiling of a phospho-deficient mutant library informs functional annotations of phosphosites.

A primer for deep-learning techniques for healthcare, centering on deep learning in computer vision, natural language processing, reinforcement learning, and generalized methods.

In a context of increasing resistance of bacteria to current antibiotic treatment, authors present a newly identified bacterial target, with its inhibition leading to a reduction in bacterial load following infection by Gram negative bacteria, as well as a decrease in bacterial resistance to known antibiotics.