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In this study, the authors develop a stoichiometric-thermodynamic model linking seismic decarbonation to Mw 5.9–6.5 earthquakes. They demonstrate that seismic CO₂ pressurization can sustain dynamic slip and enhance the destructive potential of earthquakes.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

Detection of geoneutrinos from ⁴⁰K decay in the Earth would yield a wealth of information on Earth’s bulk chemical composition and radiogenic heat. By exploiting the positron identification ability of LiquidO to reject backgrounds, charged-current neutrino capture reactions on ⁶³Cu is proposed as the ideal way to observe potassium geoneutrinos

Mapping of the neutrophil compartment using single-cell transcriptional data from multiple physiological and patological states reveals its organizational architecture and how cell state dynamics and trajectories vary during health, inflammation and cancer.

Viral pathogen load in cancer genomes is estimated through analysis of sequencing data from 2,656 tumors across 35 cancer types using multiple pathogen-detection pipelines, identifying viruses in 382 genomic and 68 transcriptome datasets.

The role of brain interactions in encoding goal-directed learning signals remains unclear. Here, the authors show that information gain is encoded through synergistic and higher-order interactions and is broadcast to the prefrontal reward circuitry.

Genomic analyses applied to 14 childhood- and adult-onset psychiatric disorders identifies five underlying genomic factors that explain the majority of the genetic variance of the individual disorders.

A genome-wide study by the Long COVID Host Genetics Initiative identifies an association between the FOXP4 locus and long COVID, implicating altered lung function in its pathophysiology.

The CMS Collaboration reports the measurement of the spin, parity, and charge conjugation properties of all-charm tetraquarks, exotic fleeting particles formed in proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

In tauopathies, the microtubule-associated protein tau is hyperphosphorylated and aggregated. Here the authors identified a polypharmacological small molecule that inhibits aggregation, reduces phosphorylation, and restores microtubule interaction of tau.

This global meta-analysis of freshwater stressor–response relationships reveals that the biodiversity loss of five riverine organism groups reflects elevated salinity, oxygen depletion and fine sediment accumulation, while the relationship with nutrient enrichment and warming varies among groups.

Animals moving in groups are expected to differ from their many-body counterparts in equilibrium. A method based on maximum entropy shows that the interactions in starling flocks rearrange slowly enough to permit an equilibrium description locally.

Microglia influence amyloid-β effects on astrocyte reactivity in the living brain of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. This phenomenon further contributes to cognitive impairment via tau phosphorylation and aggregation.

Pre-clinical studies have shown that TP53 mutations can account for acquired resistance to HDM2 antagonists. This study provides clinical evidence for the emergence of TP53mutations in circulating cell-free DNA, seen in 5 out of 20 de-differentiated liposarcoma patients treated with an HDM2 antagonist.

Federated learning (FL) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution to train models for healthcare imaging across institutions while preserving privacy. Here, the authors describe the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge for the decentralised benchmarking of FL algorithms and evaluation of Healthcare AI algorithm generalizability in real-world cancer imaging datasets.

Fractional Chern insulators, and their time-reversal analogs, fractional topological insulators, are realizations of topological order in flat-band electronic systems; while the former have been realized experimentally in twisted bilayer MoTe₂, the latter have remained more elusive. Here, using exact diagonalization calculations, the authors propose routes towards engineering fractional topological insulators in twisted bilayer MoTe₂ and other moiré materials.

HIV insertions in hematopoietic cells are enriched in BACH2 or MLK2 genes, but the selective advantages conferred are unknown. Here, the authors show that BACH2 and additionally STAT5B are activated by viral insertions, generating chimeric mRNAs specifically enriched in T regulatory cells favoring their persistence.

Category systems exhibit striking agreement across many cultures, yet paradoxically individuals exhibit large variation in the categorization of novel stimuli. Here the authors show that critical mass dynamics explain the convergence of independent populations on shared category systems.

Nitrogen monoxide at low concentrations can promote the formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules, which are crucial precursors to secondary organic aerosol (SOA), rather than inhibit it as traditionally thought.

The quark structure of the f₀(980) hadron is still unknown after 50 years of its discovery. Here, the CMS Collaboration reports a measurement of the elliptic flow of the f₀(980) state in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 8.16 TeV, providing strong evidence that the state is an ordinary meson.

Here, the authors show that anxiety-related alterations of aversive learning can be understood in terms of a computational model in which anxious humans mentally represent more hidden states as causes of different levels of threats.

Here, the authors characterize the antibody response from vaccinated (Pfizer BNT-162b2), infected and uninfected individuals against emerging variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2, finding reduced neutralization of a South African isolate. High IgG titers in the saliva of vaccinees suggest that transmission may be reduced.

Here the authors apply machine learning approaches to Alzheimer’s genetics, confirm known associations and suggest novel risk loci. These methods demonstrate predictive power comparable to traditional approaches, while also offering potential new insights beyond standard genetic analyses.

In a non-prespecified interim analysis of a phase 1 trial, autologous PRAME-directed TCR T cell therapy was safe and elicited durable responses in patients with recurrent and/or treatment-refractory PRAME⁺ advanced solid tumors, including melanoma and synovial sarcoma.

From 1980 to 2018, the levels of total and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreased in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe.

Confidence could act as an implicit learning signal when explicit feedback is unavailable. The authors show confidence can also provide a distinct value signal in the presence of explicit feedback, both of which are integrated to drive perceptual learning via basal ganglia circuits.

RNA polymerase II acts as a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to control RNA stability.

Exome sequencing within a structured diagnostic process for rare diseases in Germany shows how facial image analysis and machine learning can guide variant prioritization and uncover many ultrarare diseases.

Analyses of 475 ancient horse genomes show modern horses emerged around 2200 bce, coinciding with sudden expansion across Eurasia, refuting the narrative of large horse herds accompanying earlier migrations of steppe peoples across Europe.

Which combination of current genome sequencing and assembly approaches results in high-quality, complete diploid genome assemblies is determined.

The COVID-19 pandemic affected mortality, fertility, and migration. Using the cohort component projection method, the authors find that if the pandemic had not occurred, the expected population of the U.S. would have been 2.1 million more people in 2025 and 1.7 million more people in 2060.

A screening strategy with plasma p-tau217, evaluated in two independent cohorts from Sweden and Canada, showed that this biomarker may effectively streamline tau-PET referrals in memory clinic settings, optimizing the prognostic work-up of Alzheimer’s disease.

The CDK4/6 inhibitor ribociclib holds promise in cancer therapy but how cell cycle inhibitory drugs affect the anti-tumor immune response remains a question. Here authors show that poor response of early-stage estrogen receptor positive breast cancers to ribociclib is caused by changes in the immune cell composition and cancer-cell-immune-cell communication in the tumors rather than intrinsic cancer cell resistance to cell cycle inhibition.

Cognitive function is associated with health and important life outcomes. Here, the authors perform a genome-wide association study for general cognitive function in 300,486 individuals and identify genetic loci that implicate neural and cell developmental pathways in this trait.

Second-generation oxidation boosts the production of anthropogenic organic aerosol, according to an analysis of urban haze in an experimental chamber.

Iodic acid (HIO₃) forms aerosols very efficiently, but its gas-phase formation mechanism is not well understood. Atmospheric simulation chamber experiments, quantum chemical calculations and kinetic modelling have now revealed that HIO₃ forms as an early iodine oxidation product from hypoiodite. The mechanism explains field measurements and suggests a catalytic role for iodine in particle formation.

Neural crest cells are highly multipotent stem cells, but it remains unclear how their fate restriction to specific fates occurs. Here, the authors show in zebrafish that broad multipotency is retained even after migration, suggesting that fate restriction occurs directly, but dynamically.

Complex genomic alterations segregate melanoma into different molecular subsets, but for most subsets it is unclear whether they drive a distinct clinical behaviour. Here, the authors use gene-expression data from melanoma patients to search for outlier genes that correlate with survival and identify that MTSS1 is associated with metastasis.

Stacking of two-dimensional materials in heterostructures is known to yield interesting electronic structures. Here, the authors study shear modes via Raman spectroscopy in twisted multilayer graphene, finding that the interlayer coupling at the interface is weaker than in Bernal-stacked systems.

An initial draft of the human pangenome is presented and made publicly available by the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium; the draft contains 94 de novo haplotype assemblies from 47 ancestrally diverse individuals.