Search

Federated learning (FL) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution to train models for healthcare imaging across institutions while preserving privacy. Here, the authors describe the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge for the decentralised benchmarking of FL algorithms and evaluation of Healthcare AI algorithm generalizability in real-world cancer imaging datasets.

The ultrafast optical control of resonances in temporally symmetry-broken metasurfaces allows resonances to be created, annihilated or programmably manipulated, which is useful for applications that require active real-time tunability.

Using multi-ancestry genome-wide association study and fine-mapping, 298 loci and 36 credible genes are identified in the aetiology of bipolar disorder.

The ability of the molecular chaperone DNAJB6b to suppress amyloid formation may be linked to its propensity to self-assemble into large micellar-like oligomers, but systematic studies of its solution-phase behaviour are lacking. Here, using a combination of mass photometry and microfluidic diffusional sizing, the authors probe variations in aggregation number distribution and hydrodynamic radius as a function of pH, temperature, ionic strength, or the nature of the anion across the Hofmeister series.

Transgenerational transmission of acquired immunological traits has been demonstrated in invertebrates and plants but not mammals. Katzmarski et al. demonstrate that trained immunity that protects against heterologous infections can be transmitted to F2 offspring.

The plant general non-self response system is triggered by leaf microbiota members and, in turn, impacts their colonization.

Phonon polariton quasi-bound states in the continuum realized in a dielectric metasurface patterned with a subwavelength lattice of elliptical holes in a commercially available free-standing, large-area 100-nm-thick silicon carbide membrane is demonstrated, attractive for applications in mid-infrared optics, such as molecular sensing and thermal radiation engineering.

The strained topology of [n]paracyclophenylenes ([n]CPPs) typically prevents their π sysytem from being extended, but now the formation of a planar π-extended CPP has been achieved through a bottom-up on-surface synthesis approach. The planar π-extended [12]CPP produced by this method is a nanographene featuring an all-armchair edge, which leads to delocalized electronic states around the entire ring.

Nano-NMR techniques are used on a semiconductor quantum dot to reveal an electron-mediated coupling between nuclear spins.

The nature of the ferryl intermediate generated in reactions catalysed by heme-containing enzymes is uncertain, due to the ambiguity of X-ray crystallography data. Here, the authors apply neutron diffraction, kinetics and other spectroscopy to directly observe a protonated ferryl intermediate in a heme peroxidase.

Label-free and non-destructive infrared near-field microscopy was used to investigate single nanoscale photoswitchable lipid vesicles in water, revealing their chemistry, switching speed and shape transitions below the diffraction limit of light.

Ultrathin multilayer van der Waals material stacks are shaped into precisely engineered resonant nanostructures, giving strong nonlinearities at ultralow fluences of <1 nJ cm^–2, more than three orders of magnitude smaller than in previous two-dimensional-material-based cavity systems.

A dual-gradient metasurface is introduced that allows continuous control over light–matter coupling in the spectral and quality-factor parameter space. Used for molecular sensing, it achieves mode densities near the theoretical limit for metasurfaces.

Photons emitted from a quantum dot typically have slightly different frequencies owing to various sources of noise. Here, the authors suppress the noise, notably the noise arising from the nuclear spins, and demonstrate single-photon emission with a transform-limited optical linewidth.

Integrin-based therapeutics could block inflammatory processes but they also impair host defence, limiting their usefulness. Here the authors report an anti-Mac1 antibody that blocks its interaction with pro-inflammatory ligand CD40L but not other ligands, and show that it can protect against sepsis in mice.

Trypsin is a serine protease. Here the authors present the high resolution X-ray and neutron diffraction structures of uncomplexed and inhibitor bound trypsin that provide insights into the geometry of H-bonds in the active site of the enzyme and molecular dynamics simulations reveal the kinetics of ligand binding induced desolvation.

A laser-plasma electron beam generated using active energy compression demonstrates reduction in energy spread and jitter by an order of magnitude to below the permille level, comparable with modern radio-frequency accelerators.

Archaeological discoveries from Malta suggest that humans were present on the Maltese islands from around 8,500 years ago, providing evidence that Mesolithic hunter-gatherers made sea crossings as long as 100 km.

A genome-wide association meta-analysis of individuals with clinically assessed or self-reported depression identifies 44 independent risk loci. Comparisons with other psychiatric disorders and candidate gene analyses provide new insights into major depressive disorder.

Genome-wide association analyses of 41,917 bipolar disorder cases and 371,549 controls of European ancestry provide new insights into the etiology of this disorder and identify novel therapeutic leads and potential opportunities for drug repurposing.

Live-cell recordings have been an important tool for studying circadian rhythms. Here the authors use CRISPR gene editing mediated knock-in to fluorescently tag Per2 and Cry1, and study cellular circadian dynamics of these two clock proteins.

Achieving precise spectral and temporal light manipulation at the nanoscale remains a challenge. Here, authors develop the concept of permittivity-asymmetric bound states in the continuum metasurfaces, achieving fast electrical switching performance by integrating the polyaniline.

An investigation using various methods reports an association between adeno-associated virus 2 and paediatric hepatitis of unknown aetiology.

A genome-wide association study including over 76,000 individuals with schizophrenia and over 243,000 control individuals identifies common variant associations at 287 genomic loci, and further fine-mapping analyses highlight the importance of genes involved in synaptic processes.

Microglial activation is critical for coordinating the immune response during neuroinflammation. Here, the authors demonstrate that the CD83 molecule intrinsically modulates microglial activity and restrains inflammatory processes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Cytokine storm seems to be a common feature of severe COVID-19 pathology. Here, the authors show a reduced rate of SARS-CoV2 positivity in a large population of patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases if they are already being treated with cytokine or JAK inhibitors, indicating these treatments are safe to continue and are possibly protective against COVID19.

The authors demonstrate strong coupling in bound state in the continuum metasurfaces on nanostructured bulk WS₂ and exhibiting sharp resonances with tailored linewidths and controllable light-matter coupling strength.

Federated ML (FL) provides an alternative to train accurate and generalizable ML models, by only sharing numerical model updates. Here, the authors present the largest FL study to-date to generate an automatic tumor boundary detector for glioblastoma.

The ubiquitous second messenger c-di-GMP regulates many biological processes in bacteria, including cell cycle, motility, virulence and biofilm formation. Here, Kaczmarczyk et al. develop a c-di-GMP biosensor that enables dynamic real-time tracking of c-di-GMP levels in individual living cells.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mood disorder, which has been shown to have a large genetic component. Here the authors identify two previously unreported BD risk loci and provide further insights into the biological mechanisms underlying BD development.

The PSA (KLK3) genetic variant rs17632542 is associated with reduced prostate cancer risk and lower serum PSA levels, although the underlying reasons are unclear. Here, the authors show that this PSA variant reduced proteolytic activity and leads to smaller tumours, but also increases invasion and bone metastasis, indicating its dual risk association depending on tumour context; the variant is associated with both lower risk and poor clinical outcomes.

The collective properties of atomically precise nanoclusters bear vast potential for electronic materials by design. Here, the authors describe the self-assembly of Au₃₂ nanoclusters into micro-crystals, which improves the electric conductivity and invokes new optical transitions caused by the high structural order.

Previous research reported enhanced emission from spin defects in hBN by coupling to optical resonators; however, this approach has limited scalability. Here the authors use a monolithic metasurface featuring quasi bound states fabricated from hBN to enhance photoemission and optical spin-readout efficiency of defects in the same material.

Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone important for protein homeostasis. Here, the authors show that the conformational transitions during the Hsp90 ATPase cycle are conserved from yeast to humans, but a few mutations alter cycle timing and dynamics.

Deep neural networks can contain arbitrary mathematical operators, as long as they are derivable. The authors investigate how knowledge about a problem can be incorporated into machine learning through the use of operators that are related to the problem.

Genome-wide analysis identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder, allowing for comparisons of shared genes and pathways with other psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and depression.

The genetic basis of metabolic diseases is incompletely understood. Here, by high-throughput phenotyping of 2,016 knockout mouse strains, Rozman and colleagues identify candidate metabolic genes, many of which are associated with unexplored regulatory gene networks and metabolic traits in human GWAS.

The transcription factor PU.1 is an essential regulator of the pro-fibrotic gene expression program in fibroblasts; PU.1 expression is upregulated in various fibrotic diseases, whereas inactivation of PU.1 induces regression of fibrosis in a number of organs.

A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across different populations highlights new risk loci and provides a genetic risk score that can stratify prostate cancer risk across ancestries.