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In experimental situations, random and sparse observations hinder understanding of the underlying complex dynamical system. The authors introduce a hybrid, transformer-based machine-learning framework to reconstruct the dynamics of new, unseen systems from sparse observations by training on a diverse set of synthetic systems.

Transformations from carbenes to olefins have generally been realized with transition metal-catalysed enantioselective methods or artificial metalloenzymes. Here the authors apply asymmetric counteranion-directed photoredox organocatalysis for the highly enantioselective cyclopropanation of styrenes and aliphatic dienes.

Epistasis can be quantified using the chimeric formula, which mixes additive and multiplicative scales. Here, the authors show that this formula does not appropriately quantify higher-order epistasis.

Genome-wide analyses identify 30 independent loci associated with obsessive–compulsive disorder, highlighting genetic overlap with other psychiatric disorders and implicating putative effector genes and cell types contributing to its etiology.

In this work, authors show that randomized water, sanitation, hygiene and nutrition interventions reduced child antibiotic use in Bangladesh (in parallel with high intervention uptake and reduced infections) but not Kenya (in parallel with lower uptake and no effect on infections).

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

This study shows that while deep building renovation could reduce carbon emissions, it increases material use and costs. Circular strategies help reduce primary material demand, but incentives are needed to make renovation economically viable.

Selection drives divergence between species, contributing to speciation, while simultaneously favoring extensive diversity that is maintained across populations within a species. This study demonstrates how the selection landscape is complex and multidimensional across three species of Phlox flowers.

The study advances the use of serological surveys to guide trachoma elimination program decisions and provides a way to set thresholds for whether or not to continue an intervention program.

An analysis of 24,202 critical cases of COVID-19 identifies potentially druggable targets in inflammatory signalling (JAK1), monocyte–macrophage activation and endothelial permeability (PDE4A), immunometabolism (SLC2A5 and AK5), and host factors required for viral entry and replication (TMPRSS2 and RAB2A).

Geographic location can be a key determinant of human health outcomes. Here, the authors show that in large-scale trials, randomization that is pair matched by geography can lead to substantial improvements in statistical efficiency and enable insights into spatially varying intervention effects.

Here, the authors leverage whole-genome sequencing from >88,000 diverse individuals to uncover 18 BMI-related genetic signals, including novel variants in participants of African genetic ancestry, highlighting the value of diversity in genetic discovery.

Jackson et al. provide insight into how metabolic adaptations that accompany cell state transitions drive reliance on exogenous nutrient availability, focusing on pyruvate as a key metabolite in central carbon metabolism.

Analysis of data from multiple instruments reveals a giant exoplanet in orbit around the 0.2-solar-mass star TOI-6894. The existence of this exoplanetary system challenges assumptions about planet formation and it is an excellent target for atmospheric characterization.

Advances in laboratory-scale characterization have spurred a revival in transuranium organometallic chemistry. This Review discusses the field up to early 2025, framed alongside fundamental properties, past landmarks and future challenges. These exotic species are contrasted against lanthanide and earlier actinide examples.

Gene expression topography analysis by GASTON portrays domain organization and spatial gradients of gene expression and cell type composition using spatially resolved transcriptomics data.

Microscopic colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine. Here the authors use single-cell RNA transcriptomic profiling and tissue localization studies to characterise the colon immune cell populations in MC, showing expansion of CD8 T cells with diverse TCR clonotypes and expression of CD4 T reg cell signatures.

Genomic studies often lack representation from diverse populations, limiting equitable insights. Here, the authors show that the BIG Initiative captures extensive genetic diversity and reveals ancestry-linked health disparities in a community-based Mid-South cohort.

Whole-genome sequencing, transcriptome-wide association and fine-mapping analyses in over 7,000 individuals with critical COVID-19 are used to identify 16 independent variants that are associated with severe illness in COVID-19.

X-ray crystallography, cryo-electron microscopy, structural modelling, biochemistry, cell biology, and evolutionary analysis enable characterization of ORF2p, the reverse transcriptase of the ancient ‘parasitic’ LINE-1 retrotransposon that has written around one-third of the human genome.

Magnetic splitting in an antiferromagnetic state of cubic NdBi gives rise to Fermi arcs with bands that have opposing curvature.

Household water, sanitation, and handwashing (WASH) interventions can reduce diarrhoea-related morbidity in young children. Here, the authors report findings from a pre-specified secondary analysis of a cluster-randomised trial assessing how WASH impacts vary by socioeconomic position and season.

In a randomized placebo-controlled trial in rural Niger, biannual azithromycin distribution to children 1-59 months reduced all-cause mortality. Based on serology, Arzika et al. here report a reduction of Campylobacter infection, supporting one mechanism for the intervention’s impact on mortality.

Markov, Ren, Senkow and colleagues report that in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, alveolar T cell interferon responses targeting structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins characterized patients who recovered, whereas responses against nonstructural proteins and activation of NF-κB were associated with poor outcomes.

The human genome includes a large amount of repetitive sequence, such as human satellite II (HSATII), but their function remains largely unknown. Here, Nogalski et al. show that herpesvirus infection induces HSATII RNA expression, which in turn affects virus replication and cell motility.

A mathematical framework to estimate the fitness of cancer driver mutations by integrating mutational bias, oncogenicity and immunogenicity finds fundamental trade-offs in cancer evolution.

An analysis of longitudinal cohort data across diverse populations suggests that the incidence of wasting between birth and 24 months is higher than previously thought, and highlights the role of seasonal factors that affect child growth.

A variant of group A Streptococcus serotype M1 (UK) has been increasingly reported and can be differentiated from the global variant by its overexpression of the superantigen SpeA. Here, Davies et al probe the mechanism behind enhanced SpeA expression and demonstrate that a SNP in the 5’ leader sequence of ssrA is responsible for this virulence phenotype.

Ochre, a strain of Escherichia coli engineered to have a single stop codon, enables reassignment of four codons for non-degenerate functions, such as incorporation of non-standard amino acids into proteins.

Your paper will be accompanied by the following editor’s summary. Please let us know if there are any inaccuracies: ‘Hyperpolarised ¹³C-MRI is used to image cancer metabolism. Here the authors use this technique in prostate cancer and show that it can differentiate distinct disease states.

Estimating the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a population is challenging due to the limitations of testing. Here, the authors estimate that the true number of infections in the United States in mid-April was up to 20 times higher than the number of confirmed cases.

Analysis of data from 33 longitudinal cohorts from low- and middle-income countries indicates that conditions during pre-conception, pregnancy and the first few months of life are crucial in determining the risk of growth faltering in young children.

Large genome-wide meta-analysis of clinically diagnosed late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) from 94,437 individuals identifies new LOAD risk loci and implicates Aβ formation, tau protein binding, immune response and lipid metabolism.

A pooled analysis of longitudinal studies in low- and middle-income countries identifies the typical age of onset of linear growth faltering and investigates recurrent faltering in early life.

Trachoma is targeted for global elimination as a public health problem by 2030. Here, the authors combine data from 14 African populations to show that IgG in children is a robust approach to monitor transmission as populations approach elimination.

The molecular characteristics of myocarditis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors are described and potential biomarkers of onset and severity are identified.

Fine-scale geospatial mapping of overweight and wasting (two components of the double burden of malnutrition) in 105 LMICs shows that overweight has increased from 5.2% in 2000 to 6.0% in children under 5 in 2017. Although overall wasting decreased over the same period, most countries are not on track to meet the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025.

Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have been investigated as a potential treatment for Covid-19 in several clinical trials. Here the authors report a meta-analysis of published and unpublished trials, and show that treatment with hydroxychloroquine for patients with Covid-19 was associated with increased mortality, and there was no benefit from chloroquine.

A spatially resolved transcriptional atlas of the mid-gestational developing human brain has been created using laser-capture microdissection and microarray technology, providing a comprehensive reference resource which also enables new hypotheses about the nature of human brain evolution and the origins of neurodevelopmental disorders.