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Issa et al. show that the ciliary small guanosine triphosphatase Arl3 displaces the inhibitory regulator Shulin/DNAAF9 from the outer dynein arm, leading to motor activation.

The authors use data on the entire Finnish population to develop a machine learning model for predicting COVID-19 vaccination uptake. Important predictors are proxies of socio-economic status, and those at high risk for COVID-19 consequences are less likely to get vaccinated.

Activity in a set of parabranchial neurons in the mouse brain is increased during chronic pain, predicts coping behaviour, and can be modulated by circuits activated by survival threats.

An untethered jamming mechanism uses magnetic fields to control interactions between soft-ferromagnetic composites with designed magnetization profiles. Stiffness, damping, and shapelocking are tuned for programmable robotic materials.

Homologation reactions of organoboron compounds, while common, have rarely been used in stereoselective synthesis of highly substituted alkenes. Now a catalytic diastereoselective homologation of alkylboranes into trisubstituted alkenes has been developed, with key catalytic intermediates elucidated in a detailed mechanistic study.

Comparison of electronic health record-based phenotype risk scores (PheRS) and polygenic scores (PGS) across 13 common diseases and three biobank-based studies indicates that PheRS and PGS may provide additive benefits for risk prediction.

A tethered macrocyclic peptide antibiotic class described here—which shows potent antibacterial activity against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii—blocks the transport of bacterial lipopolysaccharide from the inner membrane to its destination on the outer membrane through inhibition of the LptB₂FGC complex.

By encoding vectors and matrices at different frequencies within a single device, a device-aware neural network based on lithium niobate integrated nonlinear phononics can be created that can perform a four-class classification task with an accuracy of 98.2%.

Tan et al. reveal that a class of lipids, 3-sulfogalactosyl diacylglycerols, decrease in the central nervous system with aging. 3-sulfogalactosyl diacylglycerols are present in the human brain and suppress inflammation suggesting these lipids may play a role in age-related diseases and inflammation.

The DEAD-box ATPase DDX39B (UAP56) plays a critical role in mRNP remodeling and nuclear export. Here, the authors identify TREX-2.1 complex that facilitates DDX39B release from mRNP and reveal the underlying mechanism via cryo-EM structures of TREX-2/DDX39B and TREX-2.1/DDX39B.

Bayesian models explain how context biases perceptual behavior toward expected categories, but sensory neurons do not reflect this bias. Instead, expectation sharpens sensory acuity, independent of downstream decision making.

Many pathogens encode transporters that extract heme directly from host proteins. In this study, the authors demonstrate the utility of de novo-designed proteins in understanding the mechanism behind this process and how it can be inhibited in pathogenic E. coli.

Analysis of soundscape data from 139 globally distributed sites reveals that sounds of biological origin exhibit predictable rhythms depending on location and season, whereas sounds of anthropogenic origin are less predictable. Comparisons between paired urban–rural sites show that urban green spaces are noisier and dominated by sounds of technological origin.

The X-ray crystal structure of the 340-kDa octamer of Wza, essential for group 1 capsule export in Escherichia coli, is determined. A large portion of Wza is located in the periplasm and the protein contains a large central cavity, through which capsular polysaccharides are translocated.

A new study identifies a list of genes synergistically regulated by the Ras oncogene and loss of the p53 tumour suppressor gene. A high proportion of these genes are essential for tumour formation in vivo, whereas only very few of the genes regulated by only either Ras or p53 are important. This establishes a new approach to finding genes important in tumourigenesis that may also represent novel targets for tumour therapy.

Deubiquitinases are proteases that cleave after the C-terminus of ubiquitin to hydrolyze ubiquitin chains and cleave ubiquitin from substrates. Here the authors describe a reactive-site-centric chemoproteomics approach to studying deubiquitinase activity, and expand the repertoire of known deubiquitinases.

Horses have lived in Iberia since the Ice Age. Using ancient genomes to study their history, Lira Garrido et al. reveal a local wild lineage lasting until Late Iron Age, and highlight the far-reaching influence of Iberian bloodlines across Europe and north Africa during the Iron Age and beyond.

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) mimics have promising applications in the enhanced hydration and sequestration of CO₂, but limited success has so far been achieved. Here, the authors report the assembly of sequence-defined peptoids into crystalline nanomaterials with controlled microenvironment of active sites as CA mimics for promoted hydration and sequestration of CO₂.

Grayson et al. report the genomic discovery and biochemical characterization of a widely distributed gene cluster family for briarane diterpenoid biosynthesis in metazoans. This study expands our understanding of the metazoan specialized metabolism, revealing the use of biosynthetic gene clusters by octocorals.

Striatal interneuron diversity within the basal ganglia of human and non-human primates is not well understood. Here, authors reveal the diversity of interneurons in the human dorsal striatum based on the single-cell transcriptome, delineating unknown types and regional differences, and tracing parallels with those in mice.

Employing pharmacology, genetics and all-optical approaches in zebrafish, Braaker et al. find that neuronal activity influences the growth of myelin sheaths along axons by signaling through metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 on oligodendrocytes.

This study reconstructs the evolution of leaf venation networks, describing the transition from fewer, corrugated veins to high vein density and smoother loops. It also suggests herbivory as a potential driver of venation architectural changes.

The membrane attack complex is a heteromeric assembly of complement proteins where multiple copies of C9 are recruited by the C5b678 complex to form lytic pores in pathogen membranes. Here the authors present the structure of a soluble pore-like form of the C9 component that reveals details of the oligomerization interfaces.

Adoptive T-cell immunotherapy offers promise to patients who are resistant to standard anti-viral strategies. Here the authors describe clinical observations in patients with viral complications treated with adoptive immunotherapy over the last 15 years.

γ-Secretase modulators have promise in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, but their molecular target is uncertain. Here, fluorescence resonance energy transfer is used to determine that the γ-secretase allosteric site is within the γ-secretase complex and that substrate docking is required for modulators to access the site.

Li et al. identify three subphenotypes of stage-1 Acute Kidney Injury based on serum creatinine trajectories prior to onset. These subphenotypes show distinct clinical profiles and outcomes, suggesting opportunities for more personalized stage-1 Acute Kidney Injury management.

Profiling >200,000 live human microglia from 74 donors across neurological diseases reveals 12 subtypes of microglia that were validated in situ. Camptothecin is also identified as a compound reducing disease-enriched microglial subsets.

The Wzc–Wza complex forms part of the bacterial extracellular polysaccharides synthesis machinery, where cycling of the Wzc between phosphorylation states is crucial to both synthesis and export. Here the authors report the structure of the Wzc octamer and provide insight into its regulation through phosphorylation.