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Acute mapping of responses to focal electrical neuromodulation in a patient with treatment-resistant depression reveals distinct mood and symptom changes that are highly context dependent.

Polygenic risk scores can help identify individuals at higher risk of type 2 diabetes. Here, the authors characterise a multi-ancestry score across nearly 900,000 people, showing that its predictive value depends on demographic and clinical context and extends to related traits and complications.

Accurate organ at risk (OAR) segmentation is critical to reduce the radiotherapy post-treatment complications. Here, the authors develop an automated OAR segmentation system to delineate a comprehensive set of 42 H&N OARs.

By virtue of strong spin-orbit coupling, a current-carrying heavy metal may generate a torque on the magnetization of an interfaced ferromagnetic metal. Here, the authors demonstrate how this effect assists the magnetic reversal of ferromagnetic insulators with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy.

Single-atom catalysts emerge as nanocatalytic medicine in chemodynamic therapy but suffer from inefficient kinetics for the production of reactive oxygen species because of the cell’s antioxidative mechanisms. Here, the authors employ a galvanic replacement approach to create atomically dispersed Au on degradable zero-valent Cu nanocubes for tumor treatment.

To celebrate the first 20 years of Nature Reviews Genetics, we asked 12 leading scientists to reflect on the key challenges and opportunities faced by the field of genetics and genomics.

A spin–orbit torque efficiency of around 2.7 can be achieved in heterostructures based on the bismuthate BaPb_1−xBi_xO₃, which can be used to drive magnetization switching at current densities of 4 × 10⁵ A cm⁻².

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.

Fast charging of high-energy batteries is limited by electrolyte instability under rising overpotential. A self-adaptive electrolyte overcomes this by dynamically expanding its stability window during charging, enabling efficient zinc- and lithium-metal battery operation.

Our perception of a speech sound tends to remain stable despite variation in people’s vocal characteristics. Here, by measuring neural activity as people listened to speech from different voices, the authors provide evidence for speaker normalization processes in the human auditory cortex.

A major pursuit in the chemical community involves the search for efficient and inexpensive catalysts that can produce large quantities of hydrogen gas from water. Here, a molybdenum-oxo complex has been identified that can catalytically generate hydrogen gas either from pure water at neutral pH, or from sea water. The work has implications for the design of 'green' chemistry cycles.

Genetic resources for livestock are valuable for understanding their demography and past selection, and may inform future breeding programs and agricultural improvement. Here, the authors present deep resequencing of 248 wild and domestic sheep, with associated data and analysis.

In a large multinational cohort study, maternal, gestational or pregestational diabetes was associated with only a small-to-moderate risk of ADHD in offspring, contrary to previous estimates that showed stronger effect sizes, attributing the differences in findings to confounding by shared genetic and familial factors.

In natural conversations, people are able to stop speaking at any time. Using high-density electrocorticography, Zhao et al. found a distinct neural signal in the human premotor cortex that inhibits speech output to achieve abrupt stopping.

Electrocatalytic conversion of nitrogen oxides to value-added chemicals is a promising strategy for mitigating the imbalance in the global nitrogen cycle. Here, the authors present iron–nitrogen-doped carbon as an efficient and durable electrocatalyst for selective nitric oxide reduction to hydroxylamine.

This multisite study detects a link between brain dynamic functional network connectivity and current and future post-traumatic stress symptom severity with a stronger effect in the female group.

Despite decades of intensive research, the precise mechanism and active sites involved in CO₂ electroreduction on copper catalysts remains unclear. Now, a combination of experimental techniques reveals distinct sites for CO₂-to-CO and CO conversion and shows that the presence of CO₂ promotes CO reduction.

The development of superior and cost-effective catalysts for the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions is pivotal for the future hydrogen economy. Now a series of Ru-modified Li₂MnO₃ catalysts have been designed to optimize the electronic structure and achieve a high performance in both oxygen reduction and evolution reactions, as demonstrated in practical anion exchange membrane fuel cell and water electrolyser tests.

The introduction of hydrophilic segments into the main-chain of polymer photocatalysts allows water to efficiently enter the interior through these hydrophilic segments, and results in effective water/polymer interfaces for hydrogen evolution.

The structure of the electric double layer (EDL) has been a long-standing question since the 19th century. Here, the authors simulate EDL structures and highlight their importance in catalysis through comparison of atomic simulations and experiment.

Atomically dispersed metal catalysts display high atom efficiency for electrocatalytic processes. Here, the authors report that sulfur-doped zeolite-templated carbon stabilizes highly dispersed platinum species, predominantly as single-atom centres, and probe its oxygen reduction selectivity.

A digital pathology–artificial intelligence framework that leverages active learning and clinician-in-the-loop real-time feedback improves performance in diagnostic tasks.

Using the chronic brain recordings in the anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex in four participants with intractable chronic pain, this study identified objective neural biomarkers of subjective pain experience.

Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health threat and its development is promoted by antibiotic misuse. Here, the authors present an offline smartphone application for automated and standardized antibiotic susceptibility testing, to be deployed in resource-limited settings.

Epithelial malfunction is an unmet critical challenge in trachea repair. Here, Chen et al. developed a multiplexed hydrogel to promote tracheal repair with native-like epithelium in pre-clinical models, exhibiting clinical translation potential.

Diagnosis of lung cancer from indeterminate pulmonary nodules remains challenging. Here, the authors develop a multi-omics signature to identify oncogenic nodules, and prevent unnecessary procedures.

Preliminary evidence from two cases suggests that fecal microbiota transplantation may provide a viable treatment option for a severe adverse effect of immune checkpoint blockade therapy in patients with cancer.

EchoNext, a deep learning model for electrocardiograms trained and validated in diverse health systems, successfully detects many forms of structural heart disease, supporting the potential of artificial intelligence to expand access to heart disease screening at scale.

Zinc deposition in aqueous zinc-ion batteries is influenced by separators. Here, authors introduce a mass-producible in situ MOF-modified separator interlayer to regulate Zn²⁺ concentration in two stages via nitrogenous groups, reducing zinc crystal nucleus radius and ensuring uniform zinc deposition.

While the electrochemical conversion of CO₂ to highly reduced products is unique to copper, there are still gaps in understanding copper catalysts’ efficacy. Here, authors find that co-electrolysis of CO₂ with O₂ can enhance copper’s catalytic activities.

Estimates from the Global Dietary Database indicated that 2.2 million new type 2 diabetes and 1.2 million new cardiovascular disease cases were attributable to sugar-sweetened beverages worldwide in 2020, with the highest burdens in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean.

Silver ions in wastewater are a major health hazard, and there is an urgent need to develop methods to reliably extract them. Here, the authors show that mixed-valence molybdenum oxide can selectively adsorb and reduce Ag⁺ from wastewater and be easily recycled while maintaining high selectivity towards Ag⁺.

Prediction of drug-target interactions (DTI) plays a vital role in drug development through applications in various areas, such as virtual screening for lead discovery, drug repurposing and identification of potential drug side effects. Here, the authors develop a unified framework for DTI prediction by combining a knowledge graph and a recommendation system.

Atomically dispersed Rh on N-doped carbon exhibits 28- and 67-fold enhancements compared with state-of-the-art Pd/C and Pt/C, despite the low activity of Rh/C. The Rh single atoms exhibit high tolerance to CO poisoning compared to Rh nanoparticles.

A new approach to magnetic switching by spin–orbit torque uses interlayer exchange coupling to overcome the need for an external magnetic field.

The synthesis of three-dimensional (3D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with highly connected building blocks presents a significant challenge. Here, the authors report the synthesis of two 3D COFs with the nia topology, by introducing planar hexagonal and triangular prism nodes.