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An inherently explainable AI trained on 1,015 expert-annotated prostate tissue images achieved strong Gleason pattern segmentation while providing interpretable outputs and addressing interobserver variability in pathology.

Sequential neuronal activity patterns are tokens of neural computations. Here, the authors show that a brain region that is specialized in memory processing – the dentate gyrus – is critical for initiating and organizing sequences of neural activity.

Large igneous province subduction is a rare process with many unknowns. Timm et al.present geochemical and geophysical data providing insights into the Hikurangi Plateau subduction and its impact on arc volcanism, identifying a missing piece of the Ontong Java–Manihiki–Hikurangi super plateau.

Mitophagy activation is mediated by mitochondrial depolarization. Here, the authors show that mitochondrial protein misfolding can activate mitophagy in a depolarization-independent manner mediated by a protein import reduction.

Seamounts that have subducted beneath a mantle wedge allow the study of trace element recycling and mantle flow in subduction zones. Here, a geochemical analysis of central Tonga–Kermadec arc lavas suggests primarily trench-normal mantle flow in the mantle wedge beneath the central Tonga–Kermadec arc.

SET-26, HCF-1, HDA-1 are factors that help package DNA and regulate gene expression. Here, the authors find that SET-26 recruits HCF-1 to specific locations along the genome, where they antagonize the activity of HDA-1. Together, they maintain balanced gene expression and longevity in C. elegans.

Ziwen Liu et al. report Cytoland, an approach to train robust models to virtually stain landmark organelles of cells and address the generalization gap of current models. The training pipeline, models and datasets are shared under open-source permissive licences.

Cities may host surprisingly diverse and functionally distinct biological communities. This global analysis on 5302 vertebrate and invertebrate species finds evidence of 4 trait syndromes in urban animal assemblages, modulated by spatial and geographic factors.

Ascl1 and Sox2 convert human brain pericytes into the two major neuronal subclasses of GABA- and glutamatergic neurons. Unexpectedly, despite the lack of cell division, this conversion requires passage through a neural stem cell-like state.

Improvements in European freshwater biodiversity occurred mainly before 2010 but have since plateaued, and communities downstream of dams, urban areas and cropland were less likely to experience recovery.

MicroRNAs regulate haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) development to ensure the correct generation of blood cells. Haetscher et al. show in mice that miR-193b controls the life-long self-renewal ability of HSCs via AKT and STAT5 pathways, with loss of miR-193b accelerating HSC expansion and reducing differentiation.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by cells during viral infection. Pichlmair and colleagues demonstrate a ROS-dependent form of cell death, ‘oxeiptosis’, that resembles apoptosis but uses a pathway distinct from all previously described death pathways.

Structural, biochemical and mutagenesis studies indicate that, in dying cells, the membrane protein NINJ1 assembles into filaments, disrupting the cell membrane.

A photoisomerizable molecule, quaternary ammonium–azobenzene–quaternary ammonium (QAQ) enables reversible optical silencing of nociceptive neurons. The selective entry of QAQ into active nociceptive neurons allows spatially and temporally precise regulation of nociceptor activity in vitro and in vivo.

Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) is widely used to study the electronic structure of a wide range of correlated materials. Time-resolved ARPES allows the study of the response of such electronic features on ultrafast timescales; this paper now adds an exciting new dimension by using high photon energies that allow the study of ultrafast dynamics at high momenta, where often the most interesting fundamental phenomena occur. The technique is applied to the charge density wave material 1T-TiSe₂ and it is shown with stroboscopic imaging of the electronic band structure at high momentum that atomic-scale periodic long-range order collapses on a surprisingly short timescale of 20 femtoseconds.

Here, the authors describe the geographies, hosts, substrates, and phylogenetic relationships for 1,794 Saccharomyces strains. They provide insight into the genetic and phenotypic diversity in the genus, not seen through prior work focused on the model species Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The Havre Tough back-arc basin, New Zealand, formed rapidly and in two phases: initial, limited seafloor spreading was followed by a transition to arc magmatism, as shown by geophysical data and modelling.

Emergence of ABL1 kinase inhibitor resistant clones may cause disease relapse in Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Here, the authors show interleukin 7 receptor (IL7R) signaling to contribute to this resistance mechanism, and that targeting the IL7R pathway may suppress incurable drug-resistant leukemia forms.

The mitochondrion has multiple functions, including energy production, regulation of apoptosis and reactive oxygen species generation. Disruption of these mitochondrial processes can lead to pro-inflammatory immune responses. This Review discussions the role of mitochondria and mitochondrial dysfunction in rheumatic diseases.

Analysis of changes in functional groups of species and potential drivers of environmental change for protected areas across the world’s major tropical regions reveals large variation between reserves that have been effective and those experiencing an erosion of biodiversity, and shows that environmental changes immediately outside reserves are nearly as important as those inside in determining their ecological fate.

Lenk et al find that the preB cell receptor (preBCR) is associated with infiltration and relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the central nervous system (CNS). They also show that downregulation of preBCR component CD79a reduces the engraftment of leukemia cells in different murine xenograft models, particularly in the CNS.

Effective vaccination strategies are crucial to mitigate the high risk of infection-associated morbidity and mortality in patients with kidney failure. Here, the authors examine vaccine-induced immunity in these patients, in particular their responses to COVID-19 vaccination, in the context of the immune impairment induced by kidney dysfunction and the use of immunosuppressive medications.