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The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative recruited and genotyped more than half a million Taiwanese participants, almost all of Han Chinese ancestry, and performed comprehensive genomic analyses and developed polygenic risk score prediction models for numerous health conditions.

Lampreys are jawless vertebrates that can offer unique insights into vertebrate evolution. Here they generate a comprehensive cell atlas of the lamprey, uncovering 70 distinct cell types across 14 tissues, and identify pancreas-like cells in the lamprey small intestine.

Genome-wide data from 166 East Asian individuals dating to between 6000 bc and ad 1000 and from 46 present-day groups provide insights into the histories of mixture and migration of human populations in East Asia.

Northern China contains some of the world’s earliest farming societies. Here, authors use 55 ancient genomes to trace the genetic history of human migrations across northern China for the last 7500 years, and document genetic changes mirroring shifts in subsistence strategy.

Tu et al. find inequalities in access to economic, social and environmental infrastructure across 166 countries. Regional disparities and their association with health outcomes underscore the need for equitable infrastructure development.

Constructing genome graphs directly from genome assemblies overcomes single-reference bias.

Superconductivity through the topological surface states of a Dirac semimetal remains elusive. Here, the authors fabricate a Nb-Cd₃As₂-Nb Josephson junction and observe supercurrent oscillations from surface Fermi arcs of Cd₃As₂

Systemic barriers to sustained academic participation in the activities of international science–policy organizations undermine equitable knowledge co-production — a collaborative multi-actor creation of knowledge. We outline institutional reforms to tackle such barriers to the benefit of researchers, organizations and society at large.

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) modulate all aspects of RNA metabolism. Here the authors introduce a method named HARD-AP that effectively isolates RBPs and their closely associated RNA regulatory complexes from both cultured cells and fresh tissues.

This review summarizes the current progress on linguistic neural decoding from a machine learning perspective, focusing on the extraction and generation of text and speech information from brain activity patterns.

KtrAB complex is essential in K⁺ uptake for bacteria. Here authors illustrate the synergism of ATP and Na⁺ in activating K+ uptake of KtrAB from Bacillus subtilis and its gating mechanism, which may also shed light on other Na⁺-activated K⁺ channels.

Here the authors present the crystal structure of a bacterial STING. The structure shows that bacterial STING can modulate immune responses by forming anti-parallel dimers or, in certain species, through the presence of a long lid.

An initial draft of the human pangenome is presented and made publicly available by the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium; the draft contains 94 de novo haplotype assemblies from 47 ancestrally diverse individuals.

Bone and blood lineage cells communicate with each other to maintain skeletal homeostasis. Here, the authors show that MIRO1-mediated mitochondrial transfer from osteolineage to myeloid lineage cells regulates bone resorption by altering glutathione metabolism.

Cancer prognosis using multiregion sampling is costly and not completely reliable due to the required biomarker homogenisation step. Here, the authors develop an intratumor graph neural network for prognosis in multiregion cancer samples based on in situ biomarkers and gene expression that does not need homogenisation.

Osteocytes are the key cellular components of cortical bone. Here they show that osteocytes transfer mitochondria to the endothelial cells of transcortical vessels (TCVs), which promotes angiogenesis and increases function of the TCV network.

The metabolite agmatine derived from the gut microbiota contributes to a polycystic ovary syndrome-like phenotype in female mice and inhibits the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1, thereby contributing to metabolic and ovarian dysfunction.

Large-scale land transactions can promote agricultural intensification but may be accompanied by negative socioeconomic and environmental consequences. Estimated carbon emissions from converting transacted lands to large-scale farms can reach up to 2.26 Gt, with the majority emitting from Africa, Southeast Asia, Latin America and Oceania; mitigation strategies are discussed.

Previously, the authors reported the primary analysis of a phase III randomized control trial investigating dual HER2 blockade in HER2-positive early/locally advanced breast cancer. Here, the authors report the long-term efficacy and safety analysis of this trial.

Establishing protein gradients for asymmetric cell division is fundamental across all kingdoms of life. Here the authors construct asymmetric cell division in E. coli by localizing the expression of RNA polymerase using an orthogonal unipolar scaffold, and restricting diffusion of its products.

This study identifies the evolutionarily conserved Exportin 4 as an essential regulator in the nuclear export of circRNAs. Defective circRNA export results in R-loop formation and DNA damage in cells, as well as testis and neurological defects in mice.

Changes in DNA methylation during mammalian spermatogenesis are poorly understood. The authors show that the content of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, a stable intermediate of DNA demethylation, changes dynamically during mouse spermatogenesis and is associated with functional genomic regions and transcription.

Tailoring topological physics in optical cavity is a challenge that would allow new possibilities for the design optical components. In this paper, the authors, harnessing the potential of synthetic dimensions, experimentally demonstrate a degenerate cavity containing many optical angular momenta.

The non-Hermitian skin effect, or localization of eigenstates at the boundary of a non-Hermitian system, has been intensively studied. Chu et al. observe a large and wide edge supercurrent in the Dirac semimetal Cd₃As₂-based Josephson junctions, which is consistent with the non-Hermitian skin effect.

Mapk7 regulates bone mass and bone marrow adiposity by controlling mesenchymal stem cells fate transition through phosphorylation of Ser1490 of LRP6 and promoting nuclear translocation of β-catenin.

PD-L1 accumulates on cancer stem cells and favours immune evasion but the mechanism underlying this accumulation are unknown. Here the authors show that epithelial-mesenchymal transition induces glycosylation and stabilisation of PD-L1; antagonising this process renders cancer cells sensitive to anti-Tim3-therapy.

Transcription factors involved in consolidation of the induced regulatory T cell program are still being identified. Wu et al. demonstrate that the transcription factor musculin is critical for supporting the differentiation of these cells and prevents their acquisition of a T helper type 2 phenotype.

Comparisons within the human pangenome establish that homologous regions on short arms of heterologous human acrocentric chromosomes actively recombine, leading to the high rate of Robertsonian translocation breakpoints in these regions.

Mulberry trees are the primary food source for silkworms, which are reared for the production of silk. In this study, He et al. present the draft genome sequence of Morus notabilisand find that it evolved significantly faster than other plants in the Rosales order.