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Uncertainties in the absorptive properties of black and brown carbon particles limit our understanding of their warming potential. Following an extensive field campaign, Liuet al. report that the magnitude of warming is dependent on particle coatings, which vary due to source and photochemical aging.

Trypanosoma brucei parasites switch their variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coats to escape immune recognition. The crystal structure of VSG3 reveals that additional modifications, such as O-glycosylation, further expand antigenic variation and potentiate immune evasion.

Saliency methods are used to localize areas of medical images that influence machine learning model predictions, but their accuracy and reliability require investigation. Saporta and colleagues evaluate seven saliency methods using different model architectures, and find that saliency maps perform worse than a human radiologist benchmark.

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides are characterized by inflammation of blood vessels, which can lead to severe organ and tissue damage. Previously considered life-threatening, they are now treated using remission induction and maintenance therapies. This article outlines the current treatment regimens, reviews clinical trial data, and discusses new developments in the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitides.

Statistical fine-mapping to pinpoint likely causal variants in a genomic region is complicated by linkage disequilibrium (LD). Here, Asimit et al. compare stepwise and stochastic approaches to fine-mapping and propose a Bayesian multinomial stochastic search method which they apply to six immune-mediated diseases.

This study performs a systematic review of empirical evidence for climate change adaptation in coastal cities around the world. It found that reported adaptation is mostly slow, narrow, and not transformative as coastal cities predominantly focus their adaptation on past and current challenges, and not future scenarios of risk.

The blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) is an important interface for brain homeostasis. Here the authors describe a non-invasive MRI technique for the quantitative assessment of BCSFB function.

A global dataset of the satellite-tracked movements of pelagic sharks and fishing fleets show that sharks—and, in particular, commercially important species—have limited spatial refuge from fishing effort.

Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is an almost incurable malignant childhood brain tumor. Here, the authors show that the polyamine synthetic pathway is activated in DIPG and that the dual targeting of polyamine synthesis and uptake results in prolonged survival in animal models.

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare inflammatory disorder characterised by asthma, eosinophilia and vasculitis. Here, the authors describe a genome-wide association study of EGPA that reveals clinical and genetic differences between subgroups stratified by autoantibody status (ANCA).

How heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (RNP) F regulates alternative splicing is unclear. Solution structures of three quasi RNA recognition motifs (qRRMs) bound to G-tract RNA now reveal an unusual binding mode, confirmed by mutagenesis and isothermal titration calorimetry analysis. Binding and splicing assays suggest that hnRNP F prevents RNA structure formation.

Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is highly heritable, yet not well understood from a genetic perspective. Here, the authors perform a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in 34,179 POAG cases, identifying 44 previously unreported risk loci and mapping effects across multiple ethnicities.

Paul de Bakker, Cisca Wijmenga and colleagues report on The Genome of the Netherlands Project, including whole-genome sequencing of 769 individuals of Dutch ancestry from 250 parent-offspring families and construction of a phased haplotype map. Their intermediate-coverage population sequencing data set provides a complementary resource to other publicly available data sets, including the 1000 Genomes Project.

B-cell-depletion therapy emerged as a new therapeutic option for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) about a decade ago. Promising results from several open-label studies, with respect to efficacy and safety, were marred by the failure of two large, randomized controlled studies of rituximab to meet their endpoints. Rather than writing off B-cell depletion, might we eventually be able to accept it as a useful approach for treating SLE?

Frequencies of rare variants fluctuate over populations, hampering gene discovery. Here the authors use a population-specific reference panel, the Genome of the Netherlands, to discover four novel loci involved in lipid metabolism, including an exonic variant in ABCA6.

Recently triggered seismic events such as the Pohang earthquake have exceeded predictions of average energy releases by a factor of 1000. A new framework is proposed to define maximum event magnitudes as a function of pre-existing critical stresses and fluid injection volume.

An exciting genome-wide association study in the British population for seven common diseases. This analysis confirms previously identified loci and provides strong evidence for many novel disease susceptibility loci.

Vaccination is effective in protecting from COVID-19. Here the authors report immune responses and breakthrough infections in twice-vaccinated patients receiving anti-TNF treatments for inflammatory bowel disease, and find dampened vaccine responses that implicate the need of adapted vaccination schedules for these patients.

Determining progress in adaptation to climate change is challenging, yet critical as climate change impacts increase. A stocktake of the scientific literature on implemented adaptation now shows that adaptation is mostly fragmented and incremental, with evidence lacking for its impact on reducing risk.

Metal-organic framework adsorbents are promising materials for gas separation and purification. Herein, the authors present a metal-organic framework that selectively captures CO₂ over small hydrocarbons; this separation is relevant for the purification of natural gas and industrial feedstocks.

African trypanosome infections can persist for years, but immune evasion mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, Macleod et al. identify a trypanosome receptor for mammalian factor H, a negative regulator of the alternative complement pathway, that increases parasite transmission to tsetse flies.

Assessing adaptation progress is key to reducing risk associated with climate change, yet the status of adaptation in most sectors is unclear. This study assesses the state of coastal adaptation globally and finds that current efforts fulfil about half of the total potential.

By functionally isolating stem cells (LSCs) from individuals with leukemia and parsing our their gene expression, Dick and his colleagues find that LSCs have heterogeneous surface markers and frequencies and possess a gene expression profile resembling that of normal hematopoietic stem cells. The gene expression program derived from LSCs could be a general predictor of disease outcome, stratifying risk for cytogenetically normal patients, which suggests that stemness underlies leukemia aggressiveness.

RETFound, a foundation model for retinal images that learns generalizable representations from unlabelled images, is trained on 1.6 million unlabelled images by self-supervised learning and then adapted to disease detection tasks with explicit labels.

Primary biliary cirrhosis is an autoimmune liver disease with poor therapeutic options. Here Cordell et al. a perform meta-analysis of European genome-wide association studies identifying six novel risk loci and a number of potential therapeutic pathways.

De novo variants altering a conserved region in an intron of HK1 cause congenital hyperinsulinism by perturbing the activity of a putative cell type-specific regulatory element.

This paper reports activation patterns for fMRI tasks assessing response inhibition, working memory and reward processing obtained at baseline in the longitudinal ABCD Study, providing a reference for research into adolescent brain development.

An analysis of the B cell receptor repertoire in six immune-mediated diseases reveals that there are substantial differences in clonality, isotype use, class switching and use of the IGHV genes between diseases.

Dubois and colleagues assemble a large cohort of human pediatric high-grade glioma samples, identifying patterns of simple and complex structural variants and characterizing their role in tumor development and evolution.

Engineered and anthropogenic nanoscale materials in the environment acquire a coating of biomolecules (biocorona) that modulates their properties, uptake and biodistribution. This protocol streamlines biocorona analysis to support the development of safe and sustainable nanotechnology.

Copy number variants (CNVs) account for a major proportion of human genetic diversity and may contribute to genetic susceptibility to disease. Here, a large, genome-wide study of association between common CNVs and eight common human diseases is presented. The study provides a wealth of technical insights that will inform future study design and analysis. The results also indicate that common CNVs that can be 'typed' on existing platforms are unlikely to contribute much to the genetic basis of common diseases.

Andrew Hattersley, Jorge Ferrer and colleagues use epigenomic annotation of pancreatic progenitor cells to guide the interpretation of whole-genome sequences from individuals with isolated pancreatic agenesis. They show that recessive mutations in a distal developmental enhancer of PTF1A cause pancreatic agenesis and abolish enhancer activity.

This article presents the first Evidence-Based Guideline dedicated specifically to the diagnosis and management of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. The 16 statements and five overarching principles cover the diagnosis and staging, treatment, outcome and follow-up of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

A three-gene expression signature can predict long-term prognosis in two autoimmune diseases, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and systemic lupus erythematosus.