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Real-time feedback control of quantum systems without relying on a description of the system itself is usually challenging. Here, the authors exploit deep reinforcement learning to realise feedback control for initialisation of a superconducting qubit on a submicrosecond timescale.

Autoreactivity to myeloperoxidase (MPO) causes autoimmune vasculitis and severe glomerulonephritis. Here, Ooi et al. show that a Staphylococcus aureus plasmid encodes a peptide that is homologous to an immunodominant MPO epitope and induces anti-MPO autoimmunity and glomerulonephritis in mice.

Alternatively activated (M2) macrophages use fatty acid oxidation for their metabolic needs. Pearce and colleagues show that triacylglycerols metabolized by lysosomal acid lipase are required for the M2 activation of and function of macrophages.

Investigation of variation in three cohorts has identified multiple genetic signals associated with the pregnancy-specific liver disorder, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, giving insight into the disease which can cause preterm birth and stillbirth.

A genome-wide association study of critically ill patients with COVID-19 identifies genetic signals that relate to important host antiviral defence mechanisms and mediators of inflammatory organ damage that may be targeted by repurposing drug treatments.

Patients treated with Aurora kinase inhibitors experience dose-limiting neutropenia while other cytopenias are rare. Here, Chou et al. show that this cell-type specific side effect is partly explained by loss of drug efflux pump expression during neutrophil differentiation.

Proteomic definition of the telomeric PARylome combined with genetic and histone H3.3 deposition assays at telomeres reveals that PAR-regulated HIRA activity compensates for loss of ATRX in ALT cells.

Climate science and national emissions reporting communities have historically used different definitions and methods for anthropogenic land-based carbon removals. As the mitigation agenda accelerates, reconciling these differences for comparability and moving towards integration is crucial for enhancing confidence in land-use emission estimates.

Change in ecological communities can be driven by extrinsic forces, but the degree to which intrinsic population dynamics drive turnover has remained unclear. Here the authors use metacommunity modelling to show that biodiversity change previously attributed to external drivers can be explained based on intrinsic ecosystem dynamics.

Oxygen in shallow shelf waters rose linearly with atmospheric oxygen in the Neoproterozoic era, potentially driving the first radiation of marine animals, but widespread ocean oxygenation came later, according to reconstructions of oxygen levels and marine productivity.

Here authors show that machine learning derives the degree of background retinal pigmentation with more nuance than self-described ethnicity. Retinal pigment scores are associated with genes linked to melanin and may improve algorithmic fairness.

The global net land sink is relatively well constrained. However, the responsible drivers and above/below-ground partitioning are highly uncertain. Model issues regarding turnover of individual plant and soil components are responsible.

A vascularized human bone-marrow-on-a-chip improves the maintenance of patient-derived CD34⁺ cells, and recapitulates clinically relevant aspects of bone marrow injury as well as key haematopoietic defects of patients with a rare genetic disorder.

Using a high-quality chromosome-scale assembly of the faba bean genome, the genetic basis of seed size and hilum colour is explored.

Transient glucose restriction after the activation of CD8⁺ T_E cells ex vivo induces metabolic remodelling that enhances effector functions and tumour clearance in mice.

In this Review, the authors present a roadmap towards achieving consensus on development, analysis and interpretation of single-cell transcriptomics data in adipose tissue, including discussion of roadblocks, best practices and ideal cell-type markers for annotation of adipose tissue cell types in mice and humans.

Interactions of atmospheric neutrinos with quantum-gravity-induced fluctuations of the metric of spacetime would lead to decoherence. The IceCube Collaboration constrains such interactions with atmospheric neutrinos.

Two doses of the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 boost antibody responses and functions in phase 1/2 trial participants.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) facilitates local chromatin relaxation and the recruitment of DNA repair factors at double strand breaks site (DSBs). Here the authors reveal that PARP-1 acts as a critical regulator of DNA end resection of DSBs.

Whole-genome sequencing and phenotype data sharing are introduced in a national health system to streamline diagnosis and to discover coding and non-coding variants that cause rare diseases.

Whole-genome sequencing analysis of individuals with primary immunodeficiency identifies new candidate disease-associated genes and shows how the interplay between genetic variants can explain the variable penetrance and complexity of the disease.

This study relates 88,000 elevation range sizes of vascular plants in 44 mountains to short-term and long-term temperature variation. The authors finding of decreasing elevation range sizes with greater diurnal temperature range supports a novel biodiversity hypothesis and indicates increased extinction risk of continental species.

O’Carroll and Peace et al. provide a mechanism for the induction of type I interferons by the immunomodulatory compound itaconate, which involves inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase and release of mitochondrial double-stranded RNA.

Emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 raise concerns about vaccine efficiency. Here, the authors present a post-hoc analysis for the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine trial in Brazil and provide efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 caused by the Zeta (P.2) and other variants.

William Newman, Gareth Evans and colleagues report that loss-of-function mutations in SMARCE1 cause an inherited disorder characterized by multiple spinal meningiomas. Tumors from individuals with SMARCE1 mutations showed loss of SMARCE1 protein, consistent with a tumor suppressor mechanism.

Why do we continue processing external events during sleep, yet remain unresponsive? Legendre et al. use electroencephalography to show that sleepers enter a ‘standby mode’, continuing to track relevant signals but doing so transiently.

Micelles find applications in areas such as drug delivery systems, and as such, the kinetic stability of these structures is of high interest. Here the authors show that individual block copolymer micelles can continue to evolve after transfer to a selective solvent.

Feldspar minerals are shown to dominate ice nucleation by mineral dust in clouds containing both liquid water and ice particles, despite feldspar being a minor component of the dust believed to be the main source of ice nuclei.

This analysis of a large, clinically annotated cohort of individuals with predisposition to myelodysplastic syndromes reveals insights into the genetic determinants of disease progression and their relationship with clinical manifestations and therapy outcome.

Combining the kinase inhibitor sorafenib with allogeneic stem cell transplantation boosts immune responses against a subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia, suggesting potential clinical benefit.

The behaviour of heterostructures, crucial in nanodevices, largely depends on interfacial phenomena. These have proven difficult to control when the different materials adopt distinct crystal structures. Now, a coherent interface between perovskite and fluorite has been achieved that relies in particular on the coordination flexibility of judiciously chosen metal cations.