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Though smart contact lenses are an attractive technology for recording electroretinogram signals, existing approaches suffer from poor mechanical reliability, chemical stability and wettability. Here, the authors report an all-printed stretchable corneal sensor built on commercial soft contact lenses.

During intergroup conflict, decision-makers must often consider whether their actions will harm noncombatant members of the outgroup. Here, Han et al. examine cognitive and neural processes during ‘collateral damage’ scenarios, revealing decreased avoidance of harm to outgroup civilians when conflict escalates.

The authors examine wisdom perception in convenience samples from twelve countries. They observe two latent dimensions that guide participant’s evaluation of wisdom-related characteristics in others and the self—reflective orientation and socio-emotional awareness, which were consistent across the studied cultural regions.

Activity in the vmPFC and anterior insula is associated with economic choice and confidence, but their causal involvement is unclear. Here, the authors show that intracranial stimulation of subregions of these areas has distinct effects on risk-taking, loss sensitivity and confidence judgments.

Clinical trials with N-acetyl-L-leucine showed beneficial effects in lysosomal diseases. Here, the authors investigate a disease modifying effect of acetyl-DL-leucine in 2 patients with REM sleep behavior disorder, a prodrome of Parkinson’s disease, and report improvements in neurological symptoms and imaging biomarkers.

Animals often need to form specific associations between perceptually similar stimuli and the different outcomes they may predict. Howard et al. find that the human brain accomplishes this via enhanced coupling between stable codes of sensory features and flexible codes of stimulus reward value.

Differences in the Pace of Aging are important for many health outcomes but difficult to measure. Here the authors describe the Dunedin Pace of Aging Calculated from NeuroImaging measure, an approach that uses a single brain image to measure how fast a person is aging and can help predict mortality or the risk of developing chronic disease.

Forestation can be a valuable tool for mitigating climate change. Using an Earth System Model, Moustakis et al. show that ambitious deployment in the range of country pledges can mitigate global temperature under an overshoot pathway by 0.2 ^oC, but highlight the associated socioeconomic tradeoffs.

Pit2 is a secreted Ustilago maydis effector that contributes to corn smut disease by inhibiting papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) in maize. Here Misas Villamil et al. show that Pit2 mimics PLCP substrates, and is cleaved to release a peptide that blocks PLCP activity and represses host immunity.

fMRIPrep is a robust and easy-to-use pipeline for preprocessing of diverse fMRI data. The transparent workflow dispenses of manual intervention, thereby ensuring the reproducibility of the results.

Parental neuropsychiatric traits relate to children’s emotions and behaviours beyond genetic transmission alone. Here the author's findings suggest potential environmental risk factors that can act on broad behavioural domains or on specific behaviours.

The SIGNAL Phase 2 study of pepinemab immunotherapy in early Huntington’s disease (HD) did not meet its coprimary clinical efficacy endpoints, but had a favorable safety profile and showed a significant treatment-related reduction in caudate brain atrophy and reversal of the characteristic decline in brain metabolic activity that is typical of HD progression.

People may choose or be forced to relocate due to climate change. Here the authors show that urban residents in Vietnam and Kenya view climate conditions as a legitimate reason for migration from rural to urban areas, but environmental migrants are not seen as more deserving than economic migrants.

Collins et al. bridge neuroscience and natural language to describe how the structure-function relationship varies by specific region and function in the human brain, offering insight into the diversity and evolution of neural network properties.

Translational neurodegeneration needs characterisation of the downstream consequences of synaptic loss. A multimodal imaging approach reveals that synaptic loss affects clinical severity via reduced connectivity in frontotemporal lobar degeneration.

In Alzheimer’s disease (AD) tau and neurodegeneration have complex regional relationships. Here, the authors show neuronal hypometabolism discordant with tau burden defines functional resilience or susceptibility to Alzheimer’s pathology via limbic/cortical axes. Susceptible groups have faster cognitive decline and evidence of non-Alzheimer’s pathologies.

The influence of insulin on food preference and the corresponding underlying neural circuits are unknown in humans. Here, the authors show that increasing insulin changes food preference by modulating mesolimbic neural circuits, and that this pattern is changed in insulin-resistant individuals.

Siddiqi et al. identified lesion locations that reduced probability of PTSD. These were connected to a brain circuit in which increased connectivity was associated with PTSD, thus revealing a PTSD target circuit for therapeutic brain stimulation.

This study identifies a fluid biomarker of TDP-43 dysfunction, a central pathological feature of the ALS–FTD disease spectrum, and demonstrates that such loss of TDP-43 splicing repression occurs presymptomatically.

Here, in a follow-up of a clinical study, the authors show that protein pacing and intermittent fasting improves gut symptomatology and microbial diversity, as well as reduces visceral fat compared to a heart-healthy, calorie-restricted diet matched for overall energy intake and expenditure in free-living humans.

The variations in overbank flow from rivers onto floodplains from regional to continental scales are understudied. Here, the authors investigate this variation as a function of hydroclimatic parameters and channel size in the conterminous U.S. and find that the timing of floodplain inundation is largely controlled by regional factors, while the frequency, duration and magnitude of these inundations vary consistently with channel size.

Momennejad et al. formulate and provide evidence for the successor representation, a computational learning mechanism intermediate between the two dominant models (a fast but inflexible ‘model-free’ system and a flexible but slow ‘model-based’ one).

In the LIBERTY-PN PRIME and PRIME2 phase 3 trials, dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody that blocks IL-4 and IL-13 signaling, significantly reduced itch and skin lesions in patients with prurigo nodularis, a chronic inflammatory skin disease.

Empirically based models of disease progression in familial frontotemporal dementia reveal the relative ordering of clinical, neuroimaging, and fluid biomarker changes and facilitate novel clinical trial designs

Solid-phase extraction combined with charged aerosol detection is demonstrated to allow quantification of organosulphates in ambient aerosols without reliance on authentic standards.

The record-breaking 2023 wildfire season in Canada ( ~ 15 Mha burned) was enabled by early snowmelt, drought, and extreme weather. It had profound impacts that included evacuation of >200 communities, millions exposed to hazardous smoke, and a strain on fire-fighting resources.

Low-dimensional representations of functional brain anatomy relevant for dementia syndromes may exist. Here the authors propose a computational model of mental functions to catalogue this anatomy in Alzheimer’s and related dementias.

Hardy and co-authors present a resampling strategy in social networks that is effective at reducing bias amplification while maintaining the benefits of information sharing.

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and/or autism spectrum disorder show executive function deficits compared to neurotypical peers. In this Review, Kofler et al. question the evidence to examine whether these deficits are shared across both conditions and provide recommendations for future work.

The GGGGCC repeat expansion in C9ORF72-ALS/FTD can be translated into five dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins, including poly(GR) and poly(GA). Here, the authors develop assays to detect the levels of these DPR proteins in the CSF of individuals with ALS/FTD.

Pain is a complex phenomenon involving not just the perception of pain, but also autonomic and motor responses. Here, the authors show that these different dimensions of pain are associated with distinct patterns of neural responses to noxious stimuli as measured using EEG.

Craving—the urge to use a drug or to eat—is a core feature of substance use disorders. Koban et al. present an fMRI-based and machine-learning-based neuromarker that predicts the intensity of drug and food craving and separates drug users from non-users.

This Resource introduces a new public database that enables researchers to re-analyse a large corpus of studies into meta-cognitive confidence judgements.

Subthalamic deep brain stimulation produces evoked resonant neural activity (ERNA) which has been linked to therapeutic benefit. Using a multimodal approach, the authors propose that ERNA reflects activation of the basal ganglia indirect pathway network.

Whole-genome sequence analysis identifies five independent risk loci for Lewy body dementia and demonstrates overlapping genetic architecture with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.

Genomic analyses of large population-based cohorts uncover the genetic determinants of perivascular space burden, an MRI marker of cerebral small vessel disease, across the lifespan, and reveal potential pathways implicated in the etiology of stroke and dementia.