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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by heterogeneous phenotypes. Disruption of the gut–brain axis (GBA) has been implicated in ASD although with limited reproducibility across studies. In this study, the authors propose a framework to leverage multi-omic datasets and investigate how the GBA influences ASD.

The associations between gut metabolites, brain activity, and behavior in youth with autism is unclear. Here authors show that some tryptophan metabolites are different in autism and are associated with autism symptoms and activity in interoceptive brain regions.

COVID-19 can be associated with neurological complications. Here the authors show that markers of brain injury, but not immune markers, are elevated in the blood of patients with COVID-19 both early and months after SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in those with brain dysfunction or neurological diagnoses.

Based on bulk DNA time-series sequencing of the surface Arctic Ocean, Calayag et al. show that planktonic viruses are strongly seasonal in abundance and community composition, and are correlated strongly with their prokaryote hosts.

A national prospective study of patients requiring hospitalization for COVID-19 demonstrates global cognitive deficits at 1 year, associated with elevated brain injury markers and reduced gray matter volume.

Epidermal growth factor receptors have been shown to oligomerise upon binding to their cognate ligands. Here, the authors use biochemical, biophysical and cell biology techniques to analyse the structures of these oligomers, and argue that these formations are required for signalling.

Robbins and colleagues show that cigarette smoke-induced endothelial dysfunction enables atherosclerotic plaque macrophages to drive abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in a mouse model of atherosclerosis.

The integration of liver and plasma quantitative lipidomic and proteomic data from 107 distinct mouse strains provides important insights into regulators of mammalian lipid metabolism.

Openshaw and colleagues find myeloid inflammation and complement activation signatures in patients with long COVID who were previously hospitalized.

Choanoflagellates are the closest living unicellular relatives of animals and are important bacterivorous predators in the ocean. Here the authors show that the microbiome of this predator includes an obligate, host resource-dependent bacterial associate.

Functionally relevant phosphorylation sites are detected by integrating phosphoproteomic and phenotypic data.

A cross-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) including 29,612 patients with ALS and 122,656 controls identifies 15 risk loci with distinct genetic architectures and neuron-specific biology.

Lipid monolayers and bilayers can stabilize networks of water droplets inside larger drops of oil to create structures that could have a range of applications.

The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is frequently found to be mutated in non-small cell lung cancer. Here, the authors show that EGFR lung cancer mutations promote the assembly of kinase-active dimers within ligand-free EGFR oligomers. These dimers bind ligand with high affinity and promote tumor growth.

The authors defined a roadmap for investigating the genetic covariance between structural or functional brain phenotypes and risk for psychiatric disorders. Their proof-of-concept study using the largest available common variant data sets for schizophrenia and volumes of several (mainly subcortical) brain structures did not find evidence of genetic overlap.

Combining localization and polarization microscopy can yield detailed insights into subcellular structures. POLCAM uses a polarization camera and wide-field microscopy for rapid measurement of super-resolution orientation imaging in live cells.

Plankton models have crucial applications in ecosystem management and climate change projections. This Perspective suggests that stronger alignment of plankton models with empirical knowledge is needed and recommends steps to close the gap between empirical research and modelling.

An open-label clinical trial of an oral absorbent that sequesters phenolic molecules in the gut shows safety and tolerability in adolescents with autism, reduces levels of gut-derived metabolites in circulation and reduces anxiety and irritability.

Treatment with the oncolytic herpes virus CAN-3110 is associated with improved survival responses in patients with recurrent glioblastoma, particularly in individuals who are seropositive for HSV1.

Data from 2 million individual trees spanning 1,781 species reveal that tropical forests can be grouped into four size-dependent life-history survival modes, the application of which in demographic simulations predicts biomass change.

To prevent ligand-independent dimerisation the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is autoinhibited by an extracellular dimer interaction. Here, the authors use several imaging technologies and simulations to provide structural insights on the inactive species and on how intracellular mutations circumvent the autoinhibition of the basal state.

The failure of metabolic tissues to respond to insulin is an early marker of type 2 diabetes. Here, the authors show, using global phosphoproteomics, that insulin resistance is caused by a marked rewiring of both canonical and non-canonical insulin signalling, and includes dysregulated GSK3 activity.

Tertiary lymphoid structures play important roles during homeostatic but also immunopathological conditions including autoimmune disorders. Here the authors integrate single cell sequencing with spatial proteomics and transcriptomics to define a cellular and spatial map of tertiary lymphoid structures in salivary glands of patients with Sjogren’s syndrome.

Archaeogenetic study of ancient DNA from medieval northwestern Europeans reveals substantial increase of continental northern European ancestry in Britain, suggesting mass migration across the North Sea during the Early Middle Ages.

Here the authors identify genetic effectors of the level of inflammation-related plasma proteins and use Mendelian randomization to identify proteins that contribute to immune-mediated disease risk.

Epithelial cells that line the gut secrete complex glycoproteins that form a mucus layer to protect the gut wall from enteric pathogens. Here, the authors provide a comprehensive characterisation of endo-acting glycoside hydrolases expressed by mucin-degrading members of the microbiome that are able to cleave the O-glycan chains of a range of different animal and human mucins.

Single molecule tracking of fluorescent proteins in live cells is temporally limited by fluorophore photobleaching. Here the authors show using fluorophore pairs that FRET competes with photobleaching to improve photostability and allow longer-term tracking of both single proteins and complexes.

Visualization of endogenous G-quadruplexes (G4s) in living cells by fluorescence microscopy has been hampered by the high concentrations of G4-binding probes required, which can artificially induce additional G4 formation. Now, a G4-specific fluorescent probe (SiR-PyPDS) has been developed that enables single-molecule and real-time detection of individual G4 structures in living cells without perturbing G4 formation and dynamics.

This study describes an approach to segment and extract key biophysical parameters from live-cell three-dimensional single-molecule imaging trajectories. The authors use this approach to study how NuRD assembles on chromatin and how it regulates enhancer dynamics.

In Greenlandic Inuit, a TBC1D4 loss-of-function mutation increases type 2 diabetes risk by tenfold. Carriers show severe muscle insulin resistance, impaired glucose disposal and reduced muscle GLUT4, yet exercise mitigates these defects, offering potential for personalized lifestyle interventions.