In this Review, the authors discuss the causal role of current androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer progression, hormone refractoriness and double-null prostate cancer development. They highlight the underlying regulatory mechanisms by which androgen deprivation therapy elevates hepatocyte growth factor–hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGF–MET) and WNT–β-catenin signalling, elevating exportin 1 (XPO1) and ribosomal protein activation to induce tumour aggressiveness, metastasis and double-null prostate cancer development.
- Dexter Hoi Long Leung
- Yao Mawulikplimi Adzavon
- Zijie Sun
