Recommendations based on high-level evidence for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up monitoring of upper tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUCs) are lacking and decision-making is often based on data from lower tract urothelial carcinoma. Here, Baard et al. review diagnostic tests for UTUC, describe efforts to improve lesion visualization, and propose an algorithm that integrates diagnosis, treatment, and clinical risk-stratification.
- Joyce Baard
- Daniel M. de Bruin
- M. Pilar Laguna