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Patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) have limited therapeutic options. Here the authors show that functionally impaired NK cells contribute to immune escape of pre-malignant clones in early stage MDS and that NK adoptive cell therapy can be considered to prevent or delay the development of MDS.

Hydrogen production via proton exchange membrane water electrolysis is limited by the high cost and scarcity of iridium catalysts. By doping lanthanum into cobalt oxide, the authors anchor iridium atoms within the oxide lattice, boosting oxygen evolution activity and stability and reducing iridium loading.

Elucidating the mechanisms of the oxygen evolution reaction is crucial for the rational design of efficient catalysts. Now, it has been shown that an active, peroxo-containing NiOOH catalyst can undergo spontaneous oxygen evolution in water, driven by charge storage in Ni⁴⁺ species, accompanied by a phase transition from γ-NiOOH to β-NiOOH.

Single-cell profiling reveals regional and sex-specific transcriptional programs in the aorta, uncovering molecular diversity that may drive site-selective and sex-biased vulnerability to aneurysms.

A large range of inert and non-defective sites in catalysts is a primary factor impeding catalyst activity in acidic CO₂ electroreduction. Here, the authors achieve high HCOOH selectivity and activity in acidic electrolyte by introducing tensile strain to activate inert sites.

Secondary resistance to venetoclax in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) is not completely elucidated. Here, the authors show that haematopoietic stem cells with a granulo-monocytic differentiation transcriptional state drive secondary resistance to venetoclax in MDS patients who previously failed hypomethylating agent therapy.

The IL-1β pathway is upregulated in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Here the authors report the results of a phase 2 clinical trial of the IL-1β inhibitor canakinumab in previously treated lower-risk MDS.

Psoriasis is a partially heritable skin disorder, the genetic basis of which is not fully understood. Here, the authors use genome-wide association meta-analysis to discover psoriasis susceptibility loci and genes, which encode existing and potential new drug targets.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease causing skin fibrosis and organ inflammation. Here the authors generate and analyze SSc skin single cell RNA sequencing data to propose contributions from both myofibroblasts and endothelial-to-mesenchymal -transitioning cells (EndoMT) to skin fibrosis, and to implicate the involvement of Hippo signaling pathways.

A large-scale study examined the heterogeneous effects of artificial intelligence (AI) assistance on 140 radiologists across 15 chest X-ray diagnostic tasks and found that conventional experience-based factors, such as years of experience, subspecialty and familiarity with AI tools, fail to reliably predict the impact of AI assistance.

Ren et al. generate a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that recognize distinct epitopes on the glycoprotein Gn and neutralize severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) by diverse mechanisms. One most potent mAb targeting the Gn domain I provides protection against lethal SFTSV infection in mice.

The B7 family proteins B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86) are two well-studied costimulatory ligands that play critical roles in host T cell immunity against viral infection. In this study, the authors show that oligomeric M2 protein encoded by monkeypox virus serves as a viral decoy receptor and inhibits T cell activation mediated by hB7.1/2 co-stimulation via the blockade of CD28 binding to human B7.1/2, providing molecular mechanisms of poxvirus M2 function and immune evasion.

The molecular mechanisms that drive hematopoietic stem cell functional decline under conditions of telomere shortening are not completely understood. Here the authors demonstrate that hematopoietic stem cells with short telomeres induced by mutations affecting telomerase complex genes undergo differentiation towards megakaryopoiesis through the activation of the IFI16-mediated interferon response.

We describe the structure and activity of Cas14 nuclease, a component of the type VII CRISPR–Cas interference complex with Cas5 and Cas7, in different functional states.

Multiple myeloma (MM) cancer cells can develop different resistance mechanisms to therapies inducing DNA-damage. Here, the authors show that the mitochondrial DNA repair protein DNA2 promotes MM cells survival after DNA damage-induced metabolic reprogramming.

Ramadoss et al. show that bone-marrow-derived macrophages contribute to heart repair following myocardial infarction by secreting GPNMB, which binds to the orphan receptor GPR39 to improve myocyte contractility and reduce fibroblast activation.

The HSC signature RUNX1⁺HOXA9⁺MLLT3⁺MECOM⁺HLF⁺SPINK2⁺ distinguishes haematopoietic stem cells from their endothelial precursors and differentiated progenitors throughout ontogeny

Current CAR T cell manufacturing falls short of mimicking immunological synapses. A new graphene oxide antigen-presenting platform (GO-APP) addresses this issue, improving CAR T cell production while eliminating the need for interleukin-2 supplementation.

The application of pressure effectively suppresses the spin–charge order in trilayer nickelate La₄Ni₃O_10−δ single crystals, leading to the emergence of superconductivity.

Human hematopoietic cells derived from pluripotent cells repopulate multiple blood lineages in mice.

MYCT1 is identified as a crucial regulator of cellular properties essential for the stemness of human haematopoietic stem cells, a finding that may help improve successful in vitro expansion of these cells for therapeutics.

Vγ9Vδ2 (Vδ2) T cells have been proposed as cell carriers for off-the-shelf CAR therapies. Here the authors describe CD16 as a biomarker for the selection of Vδ2 T cells with high levels of cytotoxicity and report the anti-tumor activity of engineered CD16high Vδ2 T cells in ovarian cancer preclinical models.

Modlin and colleagues examined the skin lesions of human leprosy patients using single-cell RNA sequencing coupled to cellular spatial mapping. Their analysis maps the architecture of granulomas in leprosy lesions from patients with leprosy with localized disease (tuberculoid leprosy, reversal reaction) to those with progressive infection (lepromatous leprosy).

A set of three papers reports that the piRNA pathway is essential for mammalian female fertility based on genetic perturbation experiments performed in golden hamsters.

Interleukin 26 (IL-26) has been shown to have antimicrobial and pro-inflammatory effects. Here the authors establish a role for IL-26 in the generation of IL-17A producing Th17 CD4⁺ T cells and suggest it involves epithelial cross talk in skin lesions of psoriasis patients.

Off-the-shelf CAR-NKT cells for cancer immunotherapy are advanced toward clinical translation.

Analyses of whole-genome sequencing data in children and validation in mouse models show that offspring born from blastocyst-stage embryo transfer have shorter leukocyte telomere lengths.

Extensive characterization of the stem and progenitor cell hierarchies of myelodysplastic syndromes reveals compensatory survival mechanisms underpinning the failure of hypomethylating agents, and uncovers biomarkers that predict second-line clinical response to venetoclax-based therapy.

O’Sullivan and colleagues identify that the transcription factor Fli1 plays important roles in controlling the establishment of NK cell memory.

Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) is an outer mitochondrial membrane-bound enzyme best known for its function in the brain, but also linked to cancer progression. Here, the authors show that MAO-A is expressed in tumor associated macrophages, promoting their immunosuppressive properties, and that MAO inhibition suppresses tumor growth in preclinical models.

Interpretation of the early Cambrian fossil Protomelission gatehousei⁹ as a potential stem-group bryozoan realigns the fossil record with molecular clock estimations of the origins of Bryozoa.

Changes in Psoriasis and other inflammatory skin diseases during severity stages can be investigated using single cell and spatial transcriptomics. Here the authors compare different inflammatory skin diseases to emphasise differences in immune cells and inflammatory markers particularly keratinocytes and fibroblasts.

Cheng et al. demonstrate that an extra copy of the X-linked epigenetic regulator UTX in females increases natural killer (NK) cell effector function. As NK cells are critical for antiviral immunity, this may explain decreased severity of viral infections in females compared to males.

Lithium-sulfur batteries face challenges which limit their practical application. This Review discusses recent advances in metal-organic framework-derived single atom catalysts in lithium-sulfur batteries in enhancing polysulfide redox kinetics and mitigating lithium dendrite growth.

Hernandez et al. show that aortic intima resident macrophages (Mac^AIR) seed the mouse aorta at birth, self-replicate and line the aortic lumen together with the endothelium, protecting the aorta from clot formation in regions of disturbed flow by clearing fibrin deposits and blunting thrombin activity.

Parasitic interactions are difficult to document in the fossil record. Here, Zhang et al. analyze a large population of a Cambrian brachiopod and show it was frequently encrusted by tubes aligned to its feeding currents and that encrustation was associated with reduced biomass, suggesting a fitness cost.

A novel marker gene search algorithm for single cell/nucleus RNA-seq improves speed by 2-3 orders of magnitude, greatly enhances accuracy, and substantially reduces false positive rates.

Immune cells exert important effects on white adipose tissue (WAT) in metabolic diseases. O’Sullivan and colleagues generate a comprehensive single-cell atlas of WAT cells in both health and disease to identify new cellular networks and differentiation trajectories.

β-cell specific deletion of PFKFB3 results in removal of bihormonal cells and increase in β-cell replication, suggesting that this could lead to β-cell replenishment in type–2 diabetes.