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The authors report nonlinear interference changes with shaping block length, modulation symbol rate, and chromatic dispersion when sphere-shaped lightwaves propagate through optical fibre, and suggest a method to predict that change.

Innate immune evasion is key to evolution of the pandemic lineage of HIV.

Deep learning predicts, from retinal images, cardiovascular risk factors—such as smoking status, blood pressure and age—not previously thought to be present or quantifiable in these images.

Huang and colleagues identify that EAG2 and Kvβ2 physically interact to form a potassium channel complex in glioblastoma and develop a designer peptide that disrupts their interaction and induces tumor regression.

Barreby et al. identify a distinct subpopulation of human resident liver myeloid cells that expresses factors that act in a protective fashion against oxidative stress associated with NAFLD.

The influence of X chromosome genetic variation on blood lipids and coronary heart disease (CHD) is not well understood. Here, the authors analyse X chromosome sequencing data across 65,322 multi-ancestry individuals, identifying associations of the Xq23 locus with lipid changes and reduced risk of CHD and diabetes mellitus.

AlfC transfucosidase is used to modulate fucosylation of glycans decorating monoclonal antibodies. Herein, structural and biophysical characterization reveals the enzymatic mechanism of AlfC and a blueprint for the design of AlfC mutants with novel specificities and functions.

This meta-analysis examines different features of infant-directed speech across languages and infant ages. The results suggest that there are cross-linguistic tendencies and that caregivers adjust the properties of infant-directed speech to suit infants’ changing needs.

The metabolic enzyme acetyl coenzyme A synthetase directly regulates gene expression during memory formation by binding to specific genes and providing acetyl coenzyme A for histone acetylation.

Identification of a hyperstable boronate enables automated lego-like synthesis to access a wider range of three-dimensionally complex small organic molecules rich in Csp³–C bonds. 

Patients with oesophageal diseases may require surgical removal and replacement of the oesophagus. Here the authors seed mesenchymal stromal cells on a decellularized rat oesophagus and show that this bioengineered tissue construct restores swallowing function after transplantation into rats.

The understanding of strain effect on electronic properties of organic semiconductors is crucial for the designs of flexible electronics. Here, Wu et al.characterize the tensile and compressive strain effects on the work function of rubrene single crystals as a benchmark system.

A deep learning system able to identify the most common skin conditions may help clinicians in making more accurate diagnoses in routine clinical practice

Current pharmacokinetic models describe the distribution of drugs within tissues but usually lack single-cell resolution. Here Weissleder and colleagues visualize the subcellular distribution of an anticancer drug in real time in living animals and develop a model to extrapolate these findings to humans.

An integrated methodology that includes climate, crop, economic and life cycle assessment models was developed to explore the climate adaptation and mitigation opportunities throughout the US potato and tomato supply chains. This study shows that supply chains for two popular processed products in the United States, French fries and pasta sauce, will be remarkably resilient, through planting adaptation strategies.

The BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network has constructed a multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex in a landmark effort towards understanding brain cell-type diversity, neural circuit organization and brain function.

A study using a mouse solid tumour model suggests that adjusting the dosing frequency of the PI3Kδ inhibitor AMG319 in the treatment of human cancers could decrease tumour growth with fewer adverse effects.

This Review explores key aspects and challenges to adoption of the natural source zone depletion (NSZD) of subsurface petroleum hydrocarbons.

‘Molecular motors, fuelled by various physical and chemical means, can perform asymmetric linear and rotary motions that are inherently related to their asymmetric shapes. Here, the authors describe silver-organic micro-complexes of random shapes that exhibit macroscopic unidirectional rotation on water surface through the asymmetric release of cinchonine or cinchonidine chiral molecules.

Disordered nanoscale striations on petals, tepals and bracts have evolved multiple times among flowering plants and provide a salient visual signal to foraging bumblebees (Bombus terrestris).

Humans are exposed to millions of chemicals but mass spectrometry (MS)-based targeted biomonitoring assays are usually limited to a few hundred known hazards. Here, the authors develop a workflow for MS-based untargeted exposome profiling of known and unidentified environmental chemicals.

Agrivoltaics can achieve synergistic benefits by growing agricultural plants under raised solar panels. In this article, the authors showed that growth under solar panels reduced tomato and pepper drought stress and increased production, while simultaneously reducing photovoltaic panel heat stress.

A primer for deep-learning techniques for healthcare, centering on deep learning in computer vision, natural language processing, reinforcement learning, and generalized methods.

Sun et al. report human lifespan changes in the brain’s functional connectome in 33,250 individuals, which highlights critical growth milestones and distinct maturation patterns and offers a normative reference for development, aging and diseases.

Freshwater salinization syndrome is an emerging threat to freshwater globally. Here the authors quantify the contribution of indirect potable reuse to sodium pollution and suggest a variety of behavioural and technological interventions to address this growing environmental problem.

TMT is a chemical that evokes innate defensive behaviors yet the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here the authors perform a large-scale forward genetics screen in mice and identify Trpa1, a pungency/irritancy receptor, as a chemosensor for predator odor-evoked innate fear and defensive behaviors.

Systemic dissection of sexually dimorphic phenotypes in mice is lacking. Here, Karp and the International Mouse Phenotype Consortium show that approximately 10% of qualitative traits and 56% of quantitative traits in mice as measured in laboratory setting are sexually dimorphic.

Multi-omics analyses of faecal samples from patients with ulcerative colitis reveal a link between Bacteroides vulgatus protease activity and severity of disease symptoms.

Progressive diseases tend to be heterogeneous in their underlying aetiology mechanism, disease manifestation, and disease time course. Here, Young and colleagues devise a computational method to account for both phenotypic heterogeneity and temporal heterogeneity, and demonstrate it using two neurodegenerative disease cohorts.

Although the common genetic variants contributing to blood lipid levels have been studied, the contribution of rare variants is less understood. Here, the authors perform a rare coding and noncoding variant association study of blood lipid levels using whole genome sequencing data.

Kimberlite, an igneous rock in which the majority of the world’s diamonds are found, has been reported on all major continents barring Antarctica. Yaxley et al. present mineralogical and chemical data that confirms the first bona fidediscovery of kimberlite in the Antarctic.

Activation of the zygotic genome is a critical transition during development, though the link to tissue-specific gene regulation remains unclear. Here the authors demonstrate distinct functions for Satb2 before and after zygotic genome activation, highlighting the temporal coordination of these roles.

Photoactive and semiconducting metal-organic frameworks are desirable for electrical and photoelectrical devices, but remain rare. Here Demets and co-workers design a naphthalene diimide and cobalt based MOF with anisotropic electrical semiconductivity and a high responsivity of 2.5 × 10⁵ A W⁻¹.

The discovery of a human lower jaw associated with stone tools and animal bones from the Sima del Elefante in northern Spain is reported. The finds have been dated to between 1.1 and 1.2 million years using a variety of dating techniques, making the site the oldest and most accurately dated record of human occupation in Europe.

Human activities affect marine predators in complex ways, yet we lack spatial understanding of cumulative impacts across key habitats. Here the authors analyse distribution and movements of eight marine predators, and find that species and human impacts vary across space and overlap within marine sanctuaries.

Dosage compensation (DC) on the X chromosome has predictable effects on genetic and phenotypic trait variance. Here, the authors use information for 20 quantitative traits in the UK Biobank and across-tissue gene expression to compare X-linked heritability and the effects of trait-associated SNPs between the sexes.

The goals, resources and design of the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) programme are described, and analyses of rare variants detected in the first 53,831 samples provide insights into mutational processes and recent human evolutionary history.

Peking-type and PI 88788-type soybeans are both used as sources of resistance against soybean cyst nematode. Here the authors show that in contrast to PI 88788-type resistance, whereGmSNAP18 acts in combination with two neighbouring genes, in Peking-type resistance GmSNAP18 acts with GmSHMT08to confer resistance.

Rhesus macaque TRIMCyp (RhTC) is a potent antiviral that inhibits the replication of diverse HIV viruses. New studies reveal that RhTC has evolved to become conformationally dynamic, and that RhTC can be engineered to switch from a single conformation that can target only HIV-1 to a dynamic state that can target multiple viral strains.

Th17 cells can transdifferentiate into regulatory T (T_reg) cells. Here the authors characterize tumour-driven Th17-to-T_regcell transdifferentiation and identify potential cancer therapy targets.