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Negative regulator of thermotolerance 1 (NAT1) is identified as a negative regulator of thermotolerance in rice through the NAT1–bHLH110–CER1/CER1L module. Modifying NAT1 by targeted gene editing increases wax deposition and enhances thermotolerance in rice.

Polycyclic and caged molecules are common in nature but present challenging targets for synthesis. Here, the authors report a route to caged diterpene cores and apply to the total synthesis of atropurpuran, with oxidative dearomatization/intramolecular Diels-Alder cascade, aldol and ketyl-olefin cyclizations as key steps.

Macrocyclic compounds hold promise as therapeutic agents, yet their structural optimization is hindered by a scarcity of bioactive candidates. Here, the authors present CycleGPT, a generative chemical language model that enhances macrocycle design through innovative transfer learning and sampling strategies, leading to potent JAK2 inhibitors with promising in vivo efficacy.

Authors present a bispecific antiviral design targeting the virus and the host that simultaneously offers broad-spectrum protection against multiple existing transmissible human-pathogenic coronaviruses, including the Paxlovid-resistant SARS-CoV-2 mutants.

This study uses data from 60 major deltas from 1990 to 2020 and shows that the fluvial sediment input leads to an overall 6-year lag delta land growth rate. The quicker response of river dominated deltas to the upstream sediment supply indicates their higher vulnerability.

To understand why sarbecoviruses display different abilities in using ACE2 from various species, the authors investigate the ACE2 orthologue tropism of these viruses and elucidate how they have evolved along three distinct paths through RBD indels and specific residues.

The authors show that Galectin-3 is up–regulated in brain tissues from patients and a mouse model of Huntington’s disease (HD) and correlates with disease severity. Galectin-3 accumulates at damaged lysosomes in HD microglia, prevents the clearance of damaged lysosomes, and promotes inflammation.

Ketyl radicals can be used in a range of reactions, but their generation often requires harsh conditions and a large excess of reductants. Now, a multicomponent, palladium-photocatalysed reaction between aldehydes, 1,3-butadiene and N, S, O and C nucleophiles to build architecturally complex homoallylic alcohols is reported wherein ketyl-type radicals are generated under mild conditions.

A strategy using engineered functional customized viral receptors enables the development of functional infection models for coronaviruses whose native cellular receptors are unknown.

Jujube is a perennial fruit crop with significant economic and medicinal values. Here, the author report genome assemblies of four jujube accessions, construct pan-genome together with four previously published genomes, and generate resequencing data to reveal genetic basis of domestication traits.

Upon stimulation of receptors, NAADP is formed as calcium-mobilizing second messenger in many cells. Here, the authors develop MASTER-NAADP, a membrane-permeant precursor of NAADP, and characterize its biological activity.

Transposons and repetitive sequences are typically subject to transcription silencing. Here, Zhang et al. find that the bromodomain-containing protein BRAT1 forms a complex with BRP1, recognizes histone acetylation and acts to prevent transcriptional silencing in Arabidopsis.

Yu and colleagues present a single-cell transcriptomic landscape of olfactory neuroblastoma, characterizing different tumor subtypes and cancer cell responses to drug treatments.

An et al. discovered a new brain pathway in mice that conveys light signals from the retina to mood-relevant subcortical nuclei under circadian gating and thereby mediates depressive-like behaviors induced by abnormal nighttime light exposure.

A sensor for oxytocin reveals mechanisms of oxytocin action with high spatiotemporal precision.

Here, the authors show that a single mutation in JN.1 spike, L455S, confers better spike cleavage and enhances virus infectivity in differentiated primary human nasal epithelial cells while increasing immune evasiveness, contributing to the efficient spread of JN.1.

Renal cell carcinoma consists of several subtypes, and recurrence is highly dependent on subtype. Here, the authors develop a multi-classifier using imaging, lncRNA and clinical data to predict recurrence in papillary renal cell carcinoma.

Human ribonuclease 1 (hRNase 1) regulates innate immunity, hemostasis and RNA clearance. Here, the authors report an alternative function of hRNase 1 as a secretory ligand of Eph receptor EphA4 to enhance breast cancer stemness and promote breast tumour initiation.

The authors report an Initial Upper Palaeolithic archaeological assemblage from China dating to 45,000 years ago that includes blade technology, tanged and hafted projectile points, long-distance obsidian transfer and the use of a perforated graphite disc.

Coinage-metal-based cyclic trinuclear complexes have potential in diverse applications, but their use in biochemical applications has been limited due to particle size and hydrophobicity. Here, the authors report the development of such complexes with multi-photon luminescent properties for use in cell imaging.

Hung and colleagues show that ALK-mediated CDK9 activation increases homologous recombination repair and PARP inhibition resistance and propose combinatorial inhibition of ALK and PARP as therapeutically beneficial for treatment-resistant tumors.

A single-cell transcriptomic analysis of 63 patients with colorectal cancer classifies tumor cells into two epithelial subtypes. An improved tumor classification based on epithelial subtype, microsatellite stability and fibrosis reveals differences in pathway activation and metastasis.

Ovarian cancer cells often metastasize to the peritoneal cavity, forming spheroid-like structures and promoting a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Here, the authors show that the ubiquitin ligase UBR5 is required for ovarian cancer growth and metastasis, sustaining spheroid formation and the infiltration of immunosuppressive tumor associated macrophages.

The choice between homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining is largely influenced by cell cycle. Here the authors show that APCCdh1 promotes homologous recombination by removing USP1, allowing polyubiquitinated histones to recruit BRCA1.

A draft genome sequence of the hornwort Anthoceros augustus confirms the phylogenetic relationships among the three clades of bryophytes and provides insight into the unique characteristics of hornworts and their adaptations to live on land.

A deep understanding of multi-level assembly structures of conjugated polymers is crucial for developing high performance conjugated polymers and optoelectronic devices, however, it remains a challenge. Here, the authors report the morphological evolution of multi-level assembly of a model system of isoindigo-based conjugated polymer.

Snakes have many characteristics that distinguish them from their relatives. Here, Yin et al. sequence the genome of the five-pacer viper, Deinagkistrodon acutus, and use comparative genomic analyses to elucidate the evolution of transposable elements, developmental genes and sex chromosomes in snakes.

Daniel Chasman, Daniel Levy, Christopher Newton-Cheh, Georg Ehret and colleagues perform an association meta-analysis for blood pressure in ∼330,000 individuals and identify 31 new risk loci, implicating biological pathways related to vascular function and cardiometabolic traits. Their findings highlight potential therapeutic strategies for hypertension, emphasizing a link with cardiometabolic risk.

The sudden deterioration of patients with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) into critical illness is of major concern and early assessment would be vital. Here, the authors show that a deep learning-based survival model can predict the risk of COVID-19 patients developing critical illness based on clinical characteristics at admission.

The role of glycolysis in depression is unclear. Here the authors report a glycolytic deficit under social stress and demonstrate that astrocytic LDHA affects neuronal excitability and depressive-like behaviours via lactate homeostasis in mice.