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This Commission aims to resolve the current dialysis policy challenges in Thailand and generate lessons for the global kidney community by drawing on empirical evidence, systems thinking and multidisciplinary expertise to generate policy goals and recommendations.

RORγt⁺ antigen-presenting cells (APC) are playing a role in the generation of oral tolerance via their interaction with regulatory T cells recognising dietary and commensal bacterial antigens. Here authors show that a cis transcriptional regulatory element is responsible for RORγt specifically in APCs through interaction with RUNX3 and formation of chromatin loops, which determines a transcriptional program that distinguishes these oral tolerance mediating APCs from RORγt⁺ T cells.

Traditional scientific methods struggled to identify causes of seagrass losses in Canada (Eeyou Istchee). Here the authors combine Indigenous and scientific knowledge and find that eelgrass losses were caused by local hydroelectric development compounded by extreme climate events.

Post-acute infection syndromes often have heterogeneous symptoms that are difficult to interpret. Here, the authors develop a latent trajectory analysis framework designed to categorise complex relationships in longitudinal data into distinct disease phenotypes and analyse transitions between them.

Sporulation in diderm Firmicutes requires the remodeling of an inner membrane into a functional outer membrane. Uncharacterized to date, this process involves the complete replacement of all proteins and lipids within a membrane. Here, the authors present a model in which the self-insertion of BamA triggers the inner-to-outer membrane remodeling.

The activation of amines into thiocarbamoyl fluorides provides access to valuable nitrogen-based functionalities. Here, the authors report a mild, photochemical method for in-situ generation of thiocarbonyl difluoride from N-trifluoromethylthiophthalimide using visible light and organic reductants, and apply this strategy to the synthesis of azetidines from strained azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes.

The burden of dengue disease in infants has increased in Brazil over the last 25 years. Here, the authors analyse spatiotemporal heterogeneity in disease incidence to characterise the contribution of changing maternal immunity to infant dengue risk.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has improved breast cancer patient outcomes but residual disease limits success. Here, the authors report a phase II clinical trial investigating talimogene laherparepvec (oncolytic virus engineered to express GM-CSF) combined with atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) in HER2-negative breast cancer patients with residual disease following NAC.

Molecular glue degraders have consistently been discovered retrospectively, despite their increasing importance. Herein, a high-throughput approach is described that modifies existing ligands into molecular glue degraders.

This study shows how the bacterial retron Eco2 defends against viruses. Phage nucleases trigger activation of Eco2, which cuts RNAs, shuts down protein production and stops phage replication.

From 2014–2017, marine heatwaves caused global mass coral bleaching, where the corals lose their symbiotic algae. The authors find, this event exceeded the severity of all prior global bleaching events in recorded history, with approximately half the world’s reefs bleaching and 15% experiencing substantial mortality.

Reprograming the tumor microenvironment is a promising strategy to overcome resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in patients with malignant melanoma. Here, the authors report a phase 1/2 study evaluating the combination of LOAd703 (viral-vector encoding CD40L and 4-1BBL) with atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) in patients with ICI-resistant, malignant melanoma.

Humans alter the daily timing of animal activity, potentially reshaping predator–prey interactions. This meta-analysis reveals that larger species tend to “lose” under human disturbance, with large predators overlapping less with their prey, and large prey overlapping more with their predators.

Genome-wide association meta-analysis identifies 58 independent risk loci for major anxiety disorders among individuals of European ancestry and implicates GABAergic signaling as a potential mechanism underlying genetic risk for these disorders.

Here, using anatomy, transcriptomics, and functional assays, the authors reveal how Japanese wisteria climb using an unusual vascular architecture. Ectopic cambia arise from cortical cells and repurpose conserved cambium regulators, including KNOX genes.

Crohn’s disease is associated with disturbances in the B-cell compartment and secreted antibodies. Here, the authors reveal impaired colonic dimeric IgA responses in patients with Crohn’s disease and verify this phenotype in murine models, demonstrating that mitochondrial dysfunction drives defective mucosal humoral immunity.

The transcription factor ATF4 and its effector lipocalin 2 (LCN2) have a key role in immune evasion and tumour progression, and targeting the ATF4–LCN2 axis might provide a way to treat several types of solid tumour by increasing anti-cancer immunity.

This paper uses multiomics to profile a large cohort of meningioma samples to highlight the role of the tumor microenvironment in driving the epigenetic changes underpinning tumor classification and prediction of outcome.

A human spinal cord organoid model can replicate two different types of spinal cord injury and can be used as an in vitro system to evaluate therapeutics and inflammatory reactions to treatments.

The authors show how Vγ1⁺ γδ T cells produce IL-4 to drive early CD8⁺ T cell and dendritic cell responses to malaria infection in mice.

In a phase 1 trial, personalized mRNA vaccines tailored to individual tumour mutations in triple-negative breast cancer induced robust, long-lasting T cell responses and improved prognosis.

Researchers used explainable AI to analyze pancreas tissue from living donors, revealing that changes in fat cell clusters, nerve structures, and islet proximity to fat cells distinguish people with type 2 diabetes from those without the condition.

Using two newly developed immunoassays tested in three clinical cohorts, this study highlights CSF DOPA decarboxylase as a promising biomarker for differentiating dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease from Alzheimer’s disease and controls.

The role of the innate immune system in pancreatic cancer is largely unexplored. Here, the authors reveal a targetable cancer cell-intrinsic axis in pancreatic cancer comprising ASC inflammasome complexes that link innate immunity with mitochondrial function and metabolism.

Interactions between long RNA molecules play essential roles in shaping gene regulation. Here, the authors show that low-complexity repeats drive stable contacts between RNAs and present RIME, a deep learning model that improves the prediction of these interactions using sequence information.

The growing demand for rare earth elements (REEs) underscores the need for sustainable recovery methods and a reliable supply. Here the authors establish a platform using a yeast to produce bio-oxalic acid for REE recovery, achieving 99% REE recovery from low-grade ore.

Dimorphic organisms switch between two distinct life forms, but how a single genome controls the genetic program for both states is unclear. The study identifies hundreds of convergently evolved gene families and two regulator genes, dkl and dfl, that coordinate expression to optimize the two morphologies of Mucorales fungi.

It is unclear whether the harsh abiotic conditions of drylands hinder biological invasions. This global analysis shows that drylands are vulnerable to non-native plants and are likely to become more so as native plant diversity declines and grazing pressure intensifies.

Viral ribonucleoprotein–viral protein networks form pre-replication centres that nucleate viral factories and drive respiratory syncytial virus replication.

Insights into regulatory T cell biology are accelerating therapeutic innovation in cancer immunotherapy, autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection.

Proteomic data from natural isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae provide insight into how these cells tolerate aneuploidy (an imbalance in the number of chromosomes), and reveal differences between lab-engineered aneuploids and diverse natural yeasts.

A multi-source dataset including a survey on 2,364 Ukrainian citizens pinpoints the spatial and temporal features associated with stronger interactions between conflict-related and baseline stressors and health-related outcomes, in a Ukraine-wide analysis involving 461 cities.

cellSTAAR advances noncoding rare variant association analysis by integrating single-cell genomics data.

3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3HP) is a top Department of Energy value-added chemical and precursor to bioplastics, yet cost-effective microbial bioproduction remains elusive. Here the authors establish efficient 3HP production in an acid tolerant yeast and validate its financially viability.

Type 2 diabetes and hypertension often co-occur, suggesting shared biological mechanisms. Here, Pascat et al. use partitioned polygenic scores to show distinct biological processes link both conditions and improve risk prediction.

Polygenic scores often underperform in non‑European ancestries. Here, the authors present GPTL, an R package with three transfer‑learning methods that improve cross‑ancestry PGS using either individual‑level data or GWAS summary statistics.

MraZ, a conserved transcription factor, controls bacterial cell division by binding the dcw operon promoter. Here, the authors present cryo-EM structures of M.genitalium MraZ with its 4-box promoter, revealing its DNA-binding mechanism

Luppi et al. identify transcriptomic and connectomic controllers of information integration and its breakdown induced by anaesthesia in humans, macaques, marmosets and mice.

The APOE-ε4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, but it is not deterministic. Here, the authors show that common genetic variation changes how APOE-ε4 influences cognition.

Generating high-quality training data for machine learning is costly. Here, authors include sequence-to-function modeling in benchmarking of custom and commercial droplet-based scATAC platforms, and release a new Drosophila embryo atlas along with a new mouse cortex atlas, assessed for model interpretability.

A cortical premotor network in HVC, once initiated, can sustain and regulate the sequential production of zebra finch song syllables without major extrinsic inputs.

Glucose deprivation triggers the secretion of the cytokine LIF, which promotes angiogenesis and immune suppression in lung cancer models.

In a study of four brain-dead human decedents, extracorporeal liver cross-circulation using genetically modified pig livers provides essential hepatic functions, supporting the feasibility of this approach for temporary liver support as a bridge to organ transplantation.

Transition of superfluid to insulator is observed in the layer-imbalanced regime of bilayer magnetoexcitons.