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Federated learning can be used to train medical AI models on sensitive personal data while preserving important privacy properties; however, the sensitive nature of the data makes it difficult to evaluate approaches reproducibly on real data. The MedPerf project presented by Karargyris et al. provides the tools and infrastructure to distribute models to healthcare facilities, such that they can be trained and evaluated in realistic settings.

In this Consensus Statement, experts in the field detail the current evidence regarding blue light flexible cystoscopy for bladder cancer surveillance and make recommendations regarding its use on the basis of conclusions arrived at during the panel discussions at a consensus meeting.

A scanning fibre endoscope, combining reflectance and laser-induced fluorescence emission of intrinsic fluorescent constituents in vascular tissue, provides real-time structural, biochemical and biological images of human atherosclerotic plaques.

The effectiveness of protected areas under climate change is debated. Here, the authors analyse the potential effectiveness of protected areas for conserving over 70% of extant amphibian and reptile species under present and future climate scenarios.

Using a large sample from the UK Biobank, the authors investigate the effects of dietary patterns on multiple aspects of brain health and mental health.

Proteins, other metabolites and many valuable synthetic products contain amide bonds and there is a need for more sustainable amide synthesis routes. Here the authors show an integrated next generation multi-catalytic system, merging nitrile hydratase enzymes with a Cu-catalysed N-arylation reaction in a single reaction vessel, for the construction of ubiquitous amide bonds.

The function of a poorly characterized transmembrane protein, TMEM164, was annotated by integrated genetic dependency mapping, AlphaFold2 structural modeling and lipidomics as an acyltransferase that generates ferroptotic C20:4 ether phospholipids.

Tamborero and colleagues develop the Molecular Tumor Board Portal, a virtual platform that integrates and interprets genomics and clinical data from prospective clinical studies, to support clinical decision-making for precision oncology.

The secreted factor follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) becomes undetectable in the epicardium of infarcted hearts; when reconstituted using a collagen patch sutured onto an infarcted heart, FSTL1 can induce cell cycle entry and division of pre-existing cardiomyocytes, thus boosting heart function and survival in mouse and pig models of myocardial infarction.

An important aspect of precision medicine is to probe the stability in molecular profiles among healthy individuals over time. Here, the authors sample a longitudinal wellness cohort and analyse blood molecular profiles as well as gut microbiota composition.

Decarbonization of the aviation sector is difficult due to increasing demand and the current lack of scalable mitigation technologies. This Analysis examines pathways towards a net-zero aviation system with improved fuel and aircraft technologies, efficiency gains and contrail avoidance.

Halogen bonding (HB) catalysis is rapidly gaining momentum, however, cases of XB activation for challenging bonds formation are rare. Here, the authors show a robust XB catalyzed 2-deoxyglycosylation with broad scope and featuring a quantum tunneling phenomenon in the proton transfer rate determining step.

Little is known about the water impacts of concrete production. This study quantifies this impact globally for 2012 and projects it to 2050. It also evaluates in which regions the impacts will be more severe, based on the availability of renewable water resources.

A Telluride Science Workshop on electrochemical separations was convened in early 2025. In this Feature, 17 of the workshop participants share their perspectives and future outlooks on this rapidly growing research area.

A wide range of side chains are installed into proteins by addition of photogenerated alkyl or difluroalkyl radicals, providing access to new functionality and reactivity in proteins.

How did human culture become ecologically dominant? Morgan and Feldman re-examine existing theoretical accounts and propose that, contrary to previous belief, cumulative change and high transmission fidelity are not unique to human culture.

The human transcriptome from 300 tissues and cell lines reveals novel non-coding RNAs.

Variants of the genetically encoded sensor iGluSnFR extend the range of conditions under which glutamate neurotransmission can be visualized. In addition, chromatic variants of iGluSnFR improve compatibility with various illumination schemes.

Vaccination is effective in protecting from COVID-19. Here the authors report immune responses and breakthrough infections in twice-vaccinated patients receiving anti-TNF treatments for inflammatory bowel disease, and find dampened vaccine responses that implicate the need of adapted vaccination schedules for these patients.

Understanding the superconductivity in topological materials is of eminent interest. Here, Guguchia et al. report temperature-dependent magnetic penetration depth in the superconducting state of T _d -MoTe₂ under pressure, suggesting a topologically nontrivial s ⁺⁻ order parameter.

To achieve net-zero carbon emissions, we must close the carbon cycle for industries that are difficult to electrify. Developing the needed science to provide carbon alternatives and non-fossil carbon will accelerate advances towards defossilization.

Current muon beams have a phase-space volume that is too large for applications in muon colliders. Now, the reduction in the beam’s transverse emittance when passed through different absorbers in ionization cooling experiments is quantified.

The α-oxoamine synthases (AOSes) are a class of pyridoxal 5’-phosphate-dependent enzymes that catalyse Claisen-like condensation of amino acids with an acyl-CoA thioester to generate α-aminoketones, however, their application in chemoenzymatic synthesis remains limited due to the substrate specificity. Here, the authors report the structure-guided engineering of thermostable AOS from Thermus thermophilus to expand the range of amino acids and simplify N-acetylcysteamine acyl-thioester substrates.

Differentiable modelling is an approach that flexibly integrates the learning capability of machine learning with the interpretability of process-based models. This Perspective highlights the potential of differentiable modelling to improve the representation of processes, parameter estimation, and predictive accuracy in the geosciences.

Heavy metals and metalloids pose major threats to health and environmental ecosystems, thus systems for low-cost remediation are needed. Here the authors report the scalable design of a hydrogen-bonded organic–inorganic framework for selective removal of trace heavy metal ions from water.

A crucial element of conservation planning is spatial prioritization: the identification of areas that are high priority for conservation. This Review synthesizes advances in climate-smart spatial prioritization, which takes into account the effects of climate change on biodiversity.

Drug delivery systems can be integrated with cell therapies to improve the efficacy and safety of therapeutic cells. This Review discusses the design of nanoscale, microscale and macroscale drug delivery systems for precise cell modulation, targeted cell and cargo delivery and cell protection.