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An analysis of 24,202 critical cases of COVID-19 identifies potentially druggable targets in inflammatory signalling (JAK1), monocyte–macrophage activation and endothelial permeability (PDE4A), immunometabolism (SLC2A5 and AK5), and host factors required for viral entry and replication (TMPRSS2 and RAB2A).

Federated ML (FL) provides an alternative to train accurate and generalizable ML models, by only sharing numerical model updates. Here, the authors present the largest FL study to-date to generate an automatic tumor boundary detector for glioblastoma.

Studies in humans and mice show that myocardial infarction recruits monocytes to the brain’s thalamus, promoting sleep, which in turn restricts cardiac inflammation and sympathetic signalling and assists healing.

The MICrONS mouse visual cortex dataset shows that neurons with similar response properties preferentially connect, a pattern that emerges within and across brain areas and layers, and independently emerges in artificial neural networks where these ‘like-to-like’ connections prove important for task performance.

A deep-learning method designs lipid nanoparticles that deliver mRNA to the ferret lung.

Here, the authors use paleogenomic data from the indigenous people of the Canary Islands to shed light on the Prehistory of North Africa, and on how insularity and resources availability shaped the genetic composition of this isolated population.

The human-specific gene duplication SRGAP2C is identified as a modifier of structural and functional features of cortical circuits leading to improved behavioural performance that may have allowed the emergence of cognitive properties characterizing the human brain.

Time-series observations from the JWST of the transiting exoplanet WASP-39b show gaseous water in the planet’s atmosphere and place an upper limit on the abundance of methane.

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

Although whistler-mode chorus waves are common in the Earth’s and other planetary magnetospheres, the mechanism behind fast frequency chirping is debated. Here, the authors show the presence of chorus emissions at Mars, with fundamentally the same nonlinear nature as those at Earth, despite vastly different magnetic and plasma conditions.

Whole-genome sequencing, transcriptome-wide association and fine-mapping analyses in over 7,000 individuals with critical COVID-19 are used to identify 16 independent variants that are associated with severe illness in COVID-19.

Nebulized mRNA delivery has broad therapeutic potential but has proven challenging. Here, the authors report on a modified lipid nanoparticle with improved conditions to allow nebulization and demonstrate its application for delivering mRNA to the lungs.

Lewy body diseases exhibit notable clinical and pathological heterogeneity. Here, the authors found three distinct trajectories of Lewy body pathology that are associated with different clinicopathological characteristics.

The global distribution of nearly all extant reptile species reveals richness patterns that differ spatially from that of other taxa. Conservation prioritization should specifically consider reptile distributions, particularly lizards and turtles.

A foundation model trained on neural activity of visual cortex from multiple mice accurately predicts responses to video stimuli and cell types, dendritic features and connectivity within the MICrONS functional connectomics dataset.

A genome-wide association study including over 76,000 individuals with schizophrenia and over 243,000 control individuals identifies common variant associations at 287 genomic loci, and further fine-mapping analyses highlight the importance of genes involved in synaptic processes.

Trivalent lanthanides are typically described using an ionic picture that leads to localized magnetic moments. Here authors show that the “textbook” description of lanthanides fails for Pr⁴⁺ ions where the hierarchy of single-ion energy scales can be tailored to explore correlated phenomena in quantum materials.

Kidney transplantation usually relies on hypothermia to safely preserve the graft. Here, the authors show that keeping kidneys at 37°C, using a machine to supply them with blood, oxygen, and nutrition, is feasible for up to 24 hours, and may be useful for testing and treating them pre-transplant.

Here, the authors identify a frontostriatal circuit that is involved in regulating social interactions based on learned hierarchical relationships.

The human Fallopian tube (FT) is implicated as a site of origin for pelvic serous cancers. Here the authors conduct multi-omics analysis on over 100 FTs. The results challenge the assumption that BRCA1/2 mutation carriers exhibit significant molecular alterations in normal FTs before loss of heterozygosity (LOH) occurs, and suggest that tumorigenesis in BRCA1/2 carriers requires LOH or secondary genetic events rather than haploinsufficiency alone.

Neural Decomposition (NEURD) is a software package that decomposes neuronal data from high-resolution electron microscopy volumes into feature-rich graph representations to facilitate analysis for neuroscience research.

The Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger NHE9 is proposed to regulate the H⁺ electrochemical gradient across endosomal membranes. Here, the authors find that NHE9 knockout mice show autism spectrum disorder-like behaviors and disrupted synaptic vesicle exocytosis due to impaired presynaptic calcium entry.

Synthetic mouse embryos assembled from embryonic stem cells, trophoblast stem cells and induced extraembryonic endoderm stem cells closely recapitulate the development of wild-type and mutant natural mouse embryos up to embryonic day 8.5.

Genomic and phenomic screens of 827 wheat landraces from the A. E. Watkins collection provide insight into the wheat population genetic background, unlocking many agronomic traits and revealing haplotypes that could potentially be used to improve modern wheat cultivars.

A family of host-derived bile acid–methylcysteamine conjugates functions as FXR antagonists, forming part of a microbiota-dependent metabolic network that regulates FXR-dependent physiology.

CSF biomarker concentrations may be influenced by non-disease related interindividual variability. Here, the authors show that reference proteins can capture this variability and enhance the accuracy of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers.

Demyelination results in impairments in oligodendrocyte progenitor cell recruitment. Here the authors identify sulfatase 1/2 as a potential modulator of myelination by modulating the microenvironment around oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.

Machine-learning algorithms trained on 25,000 geolocated soil samples are used to create high-resolution global maps of mycorrhizal fungi, revealing that less than 10% of their biodiversity hotspots are in protected areas.

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an anti-inflammatory drug proposed as a treatment for COVID19. Here the results are reported from a randomised trial testing DMF treatment in 713 patients hospitalised with COVID-19. DMF was not associated with any improvement in day 5 outcomes.

This study reports a motif of local field potentials that maps onto the anatomical layers of the cortex, is preserved across macaque cortical areas and across primates and may represent a ubiquitous layer-based and frequency-based cortical mechanism.

A survey of sharks and rays on coral reefs within 66 marine protected areas across 36 countries showcases that the conservation benefits of full MPA protection to sharks almost double when accompanied by effective fisheries management.

BiomedParse is a foundation model for image analysis that uses a joint learning approach to jointly conduct segmentation, detection and recognition and offer state-of-the-art performance across a wide range of datasets and nine modalities.

Observations from the Lucy spacecraft of the small main-belt asteroid (152830) Dinkinesh reveals unexpected complexity, with a longitudinal trough and equatorial ridge, as well as the discovery of the first contact binary satellite.

Temporally dynamic extraembryonic and embryonic BMP4 signalling shapes mouse embryo lineage choices.

Patterns of gene expression vary across the human cerebral cortex. Here, Misic et al. reveal a ventromedial–dorsolateral gradient of gene assemblies and show that this corresponds to a functional gradient between affective and perceptual domains.

Neural tube defects are common birth defects that have been shown to be reduced through periconceptional folate supplementation, though the mechanism for this effect is unclear. Here they show that FOLR1 is necessary for neural tube formation in human neural organoids and Xenopus laevis embryos, and that this role is independent of its folate transport function.

The transmission spectrum of the exoplanet WASP-39b is obtained using observations from the Single-Object Slitless Spectroscopy mode of the Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph instrument aboard the JWST.

In mouse and nonhuman primate models, treatment with selective, long-acting neurokinin 2 receptor agonists aids weight loss by suppressing appetite and increasing energy expenditure, as well as by increasing insulin sensitivity.

The atmospheric terminator region of WASP-39 b, a hot gas giant exoplanet, is inhomogeneous, despite past assumptions, with the evening terminator being hotter and thus probably clearer, and the morning terminator probably being cloudy and consequently cooler.

DNA analysis of 6 individuals from eastern and south-central Africa spanning the past approximately 18,000 years, and of 28 previously published ancient individuals, provides genetic evidence supporting hypotheses of increasing regionalization at the end of the Pleistocene.

Cortical activity is modulated by an intricate network of feedforward and feedback connectivity. Here the authors demonstrate distinct organizational rules govern feedback projections from lateral medial area to V1 versus projections from vibrissal M1 to vibrissal S1.

Lee et al. show that deleting Mettl3 from adult HSCs in mice leads to the accumulation of HSCs in the bone marrow and reduced reconstitution rates due to an inhibition of HSC differentiation.

Methane emissions from oil and gas systems are underestimated in official inventories. Here the authors synthesize thousands of field measurements and develop an inventory-based model for a better understanding of why this underestimation exists and how it can be fixed.

Sarcomatoid and rhabdoid tumours are highly aggressive forms of renal cell carcinoma that are also responsive to immunotherapy. In this study, the authors perform a comprehensive molecular characterization of these tumours discovering an enrichment of specific alterations and an inflamed phenotype.

Changes to structural and functional connectivity can give rise to neurodegeneration and neurodevelopmental diseases. Here the authors investigate molecular and connectomic patterns in 13 different neurological, psychiatric and neurodevelopmental diseases from the ENIGMA consortium.

Fishing has had a profound impact on global reef shark populations, and the absence or presence of sharks is strongly correlated with national socio-economic conditions and reef governance.