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Satellite observations over the Greenland Ice Sheet reveal a destructive mode of meltwater drainage whereby a subglacial flood induced by the rapid drainage of a subglacial lake burst through the surface, fracturing the ice sheet.

An initial draft of the human pangenome is presented and made publicly available by the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium; the draft contains 94 de novo haplotype assemblies from 47 ancestrally diverse individuals.

Pathology-oriented multiplexing (PathoPlex) represents a framework for widespread access to multiplexed imaging and computational image analysis of clinical specimens at a relatively high throughput and subcellular resolution.

A study of several longitudinal birth cohorts and cross-sectional cohorts finds only moderate overlap in genetic variants between autism that is diagnosed earlier and that diagnosed later, so they may represent aetiologically different conditions.

Fragile X syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by inactivating the RNA-binding protein FMRP. Here, the authors show that FMRP acutely regulates structural plasticity in mature adult pacemaker neurons in the Drosophila central brain.

Post-infectious myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (PI-ME/CFS) is a disabling disorder, yet the clinical phenotype is poorly defined and the pathophysiology unknown. Here, the authors conduct deep phenotyping of a cohort of PI-ME/CFS patients.

End-of-life nonhuman primates can be used to screen pools of lipid nanoparticles for clinical safety studies.

One half of a physics couple that met online, Jennifer Ouellette seeks some advice from married scientists on how to handle both long-distance and up-close relationships, while juggling career and family. Can love survive?

Which combination of current genome sequencing and assembly approaches results in high-quality, complete diploid genome assemblies is determined.

International challenges have become the de facto standard for comparative assessment of image analysis algorithms. Here, the authors present the results of a biomedical image segmentation challenge, showing that a method capable of performing well on multiple tasks will generalize well to a previously unseen task.

Past genome-wide associate studies have identified hundreds of genetic loci that influence body size and shape when examined one trait at a time. Here, Jeff and colleagues develop an aggregate score of various body traits, and use meta-analysis to find new loci linked to body shape.

Malaria chemoprevention is used for young children, but resistance mutations raise concerns on efficacy. In this analysis of trials across Africa, the authors show that prevention treatment protects >42 days against susceptible parasites but <12 days against highly resistant strains highlighting the importance of genomic surveillance for chemoprevention strategies.

The nationwide cost of cutting emissions can be affected by local policies. This study considers the differences across the US states, with integrated assessment model results showing that varying state policies only increases nationwide costs by about 10%.

Together with an accompanying paper presenting a transcriptomic atlas of the mouse lemur, interrogation of the atlas provides a rich body of data to support the use of the organism as a model for primate biology and health.

Multi-ancestry meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies for self-reported physical activity during leisure time, leisure screen time, sedentary commuting and sedentary behavior at work identify 99 loci associated with at least one of these traits.

Some bivalves have evolved photosynthetic symbioses. Here, the authors show that heart cockles transmit light through their upper shell to internal photosynthetic symbionts, using mineral fiber optic cables to maximize light transmission.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have become a key tool to discover genetic markers for complex traits; however, environmental factors that interact with genes are rarely considered. Here, the authors conduct a GWAS of obesity traits, and find that smoking may alter genetic susceptibilities.

Li et al. develop neural fragility, a networked dynamic system biomarker, for localizing seizures in patients with epilepsy and find that it is more robust compared to traditional features that clinicians and researchers look at in a 91-patient study.

In this systematic review and meta-analysis of 132 studies, Hindes et al. examine evidence for adverse birth and pregnancy outcomes. They find that reduced rates of preterm birth and increased positive screening rates for possible antenatal depression are associated with the first lockdowns.

In this study, the authors report that post-vaccination neutralizing and binding antibody levels in the ENSEMBLE trial associate with Ad26.COV2.S vaccine efficacy (VE) against severe-critical COVID-19, with substantial VE even at unquantifiable neutralizing antibody titer.

An artificial intelligence model defines a data-driven set of total parenteral nutrition compositions to assist clinicians in personalized treatment of neonates in intensive care and is able to adapt recommendations to patient status, with validation from large external cohorts and a blinded reader study.

Preclinical studies indicate that simultaneous HER2 and VEGF blockade may be beneficial in gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA). Here, the authors report the efficacy and biomarker analysis of a phase II clinical trial investigating the combination of bevacizumab (anti-VEGF) and standard-of-care CAPOX (capecitabine, oxaliplatin) and trastuzumab in previously untreated advanced HER2 + GEA.

Exome sequence analysis of more than 5,000 schizophrenia cases and controls identifies a polygenic burden primarily arising from rare, disruptive mutations distributed across many genes, among which are those encoding voltage-gated calcium ion channels and the signalling complex formed by the ARC protein of the postsynaptic density; as in autism, mutations were also found in homologues of known targets of the fragile X mental retardation protein.

Gold-standard evidence for correlates of protection is provided by analysis of a randomized phase 3 trial of Ad26.COV2.S for protection against moderate to severe-critical COVID-19 disease.

A study comparing the Y chromosome across mammalian species reveals that selection to maintain the ancestral dosage of homologous X–Y gene pairs preserved a handful of genes on the Y chromosome while the rest were lost; the survival of broadly expressed dosage-sensitive regulators of gene expression suggest that the human Y chromosome is essential for male viability.

A multi-omic analysis of pancreatic cancer identifies spatially resolved, heterogeneous cell populations including transitional cell types. Analysis of primary samples identifies treatment-related changes in cross-talk between tumor and stromal cells.

Fine-scale estimates of the prevalence of HIV in adults across sub-Saharan Africa reveal substantial within-country variation and local differences in both the direction and rate of change in the prevalence of HIV between 2000 and 2017.

A campaign-level field experiment shows how digital advertising may have affected differential turnout in the 2020 US presidential election, particularly among early voters.

Lassé et al. show that genes involved in kidney organoid proteomic response to TNFα segregate a subset of individuals with poor outcomes in proteinuric kidney disease, demonstrating the relevance of kidney organoid modeling to human kidney disease.

Protein dynamics, crucial for life, are difficult and expensive to predict. This study shows that AI-based structure prediction methods can be modified for rapidly predicting the conformational landscapes of proteins, with strong correlations with experimentally-measured relative state populations.

The genetics of schizophrenia and other mental disorders are complex and poorly understood, and made even harder to study due to reduced reproduction resulting in negative selection pressure on risk alleles. Two independent large-scale genome wide studies of thousands of patients and controls by two international consortia confirm a previously identified locus, but also reveal novel associations. In this study, deletions were reported on chromosomes 1 and 15, as well as a greater overall frequency of copy number variation in the genome.

The goal of the 1000 Genomes Project is to provide in-depth information on variation in human genome sequences. In the pilot phase reported here, different strategies for genome-wide sequencing, using high-throughput sequencing platforms, were developed and compared. The resulting data set includes more than 95% of the currently accessible variants found in any individual, and can be used to inform association and functional studies.

Here, Ratmann et al. show how viral deep sequencing data can be used to reconstruct HIV-1 transmission networks and to infer the direction of transmission in these networks.

Multiomics reveals that almost half of gut microbiome diversity in humans can be explained by 40 blood metabolites.

Patients with liver disease undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) are at a higher risk of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Here, the authors show intrahepatic shunting and specific metabolites, especially bile acids, as potential biomarkers and treatment targets for HE.

The Microarray Quality Control consortium pitted 36 teams against each other to evaluate methods for creating genomic classifiers, computational tools for interpreting gene expression profiles. The performance of the classifiers on blinded validation data—and metadata on the analytic methods—reveal the challenges facing the field.

An antibody, IY-2A, identified from a panel of class-4 SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies isolated from convalescent and vaccinated individuals, targets and induces partial unfolding of a conserved epitope within the RBD. IY-2A retains activity against BA.4/5 subvariants and neutralizes diverse sarbecoviruses.

The mechanisms underlying drought-induced tree mortality are not fully resolved. Here, the authors show that, across multiple tree species, loss of xylem conductivity above 60% is associated with mortality, while carbon starvation is not universal.

Prediction of HLA class I epitopes is improved in accuracy and breath with peptidomes from 95 mono-allelic cell lines.

The next step after sequencing a genome is to figure out how the cell actually uses it as an instruction manual. A large international consortium has examined 1% of the genome for what part is transcribed, where proteins are bound, what the chromatin structure looks like, and how the sequence compares to that of other organisms.

Analysis of 60 sites in three ocean basins suggests that overgrowth of fleshy algae on coral reefs supports higher microbial abundances dominated by copiotrophic, potentially pathogenic bacteria via the provision of dissolved inorganic carbon.

Nature Biotechnology asks selected members of the international community to comment on the ethical issues raised by the prospect of CRISPR-Cas9 engineering of the human germline.

Empirically based models of disease progression in familial frontotemporal dementia reveal the relative ordering of clinical, neuroimaging, and fluid biomarker changes and facilitate novel clinical trial designs

Roadways are damaged by temperature extremes, increased precipitation and sea level rise. This Review discusses the mechanisms and impacts of climate stressors on roadways, the resulting operational and maintenance challenges, and strategies to increase resilience.

Huntington's disease is caused by a polyglutamine stretch expansion in the first exon of huntingtin. Here, the authors use infrared spectroscopy and solid-state NMR and show that polymorphic huntingtin exon1 fibres differ in their flanking regions but not their core polyglutamine amyloid structures.

A group of scientists who are experts at spotting fraudulent research outline five essential steps to combat industrialized scientific misconduct.

The improper ferroelectric mechanism of YMnO₃ has been difficult to observe directly but is important for understanding its other interesting properties such as multiferroicity. Bansal et al. use neutron scattering and ab initio calculations to show that phonons drive the transition, confirming earlier theories.