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Dynamos can generate magnetic fields, which are present across various scales in space plasmas. Here, the authors show evidence for a turbulent dynamo in the terrestrial magnetosheath, indicating that Earth’s magnetosheath may be used as a natural laboratory for testing dynamo theories and simulations.

Plant diversity plays a key role in regulating ecosystem processes, yet its influence on global soil carbon release remains unclear. This study suggests that higher plant species richness is associated with greater soil respiration in low- to mid-productivity forests but has little effect in highly productive systems.

The HSP90/R2TP chaperone assembles key cellular machines such as RNA polymerases or non-coding RNPs. Here, the authors show that R2TP binds co-translationally to many of its clients. It also contributes to the formation of specific polysome condensates that concentrate together R2TP and its clients.

The longevity of leaves determines the overall duration of photosynthesis for plants. This study suggests that climate change drives leaf longevity convergence toward intermediate ranges, which, by altering leaf traits and enhancing photosynthetic capacity, strengthens ecosystem stability and is closely linked to vegetation diversity.

Analysis combining multiple global tree databases reveals that whether a location is invaded by non-native tree species depends on anthropogenic factors, but the severity of the invasion depends on the native species diversity.

Hepatic glycogenolysis is essential for protein glycosylation and rhythmic secretion by the liver. Disruptions to hepatic glycogenolysis, caused by congenital diseases or physiological factors such as obesity, caloric restriction and changes to meal timing, alter hepatic protein secretion.

Biogenic–anthropogenic interactions increase the formation and prevalence of secondary organic aerosol coatings on urban black carbon in Nanjing, China. These coatings amplify radiative effects, according to a model–data analysis for 2023.

The authors conduct a national inventory on individual tree carbon stocks in Rwanda using aerial imagery and deep learning. Most mapped trees are located in farmlands; new methods allow partitioning to any landscape categories, effective planning and optimization of carbon sequestration and the economic benefits of trees.

Using two novel xenograft mouse models of plexiform neurofibroma type I, the authors provide a proof-of-principle for NF1 gene therapy of this disease.

XCR1+ type 1 conventional DCs (cDC1s) are crucial to mount anti-tumor immune responses, however their infiltration within tumours is often limited. Here the authors show that cDC1 infiltration could be expanded by intratumoral delivery of mesenchymal stromal cells engineered to express the membrane bound form of FLT3L in combination with poly(I:C) or CXCL9 and CCL5, improving anti-tumor immunity in preclinical models.

Spatiotemporal insight into photoactivation of the prototypical B₁₂ photoreceptor CarH is revealed across nine orders of magnitude in time, identifying a transient adduct that distinguishes it from thermally activated B₁₂ enzymes.

The extreme hot and dry conditions of 2023 reduced soil respiration and enhanced net forest carbon sequestration in Canada, offsetting wildfire emissions, according to satellite-based and in situ observations of CO₂ fluxes.

A bookkeeping approach shows that disturbed tropical humid forests experienced net aboveground carbon loss during 1990–2020, primarily driven by small but persistent deforestation clearings owing to persistent land-use conversion without forest regrowth.

This study detects Chlamydia pneumoniae in human retina and brain, increasing with AD severity. Retinal pathogen load with Aβ₄₂ may predict AD stage. In models, infection drives Aβ deposition and NLRP3 activation, worsening pathology and cognition.

New hominin fossils from the Grotte à Hominidés at Thomas Quarry I (ThI-GH) in Casablanca, Morocco, dated to around 773 thousand years ago are similar in age to Homo antecessor, yet are morphologically distinct.

The study introduces radio interferometric multiplexed spectroscopy (RIMS), a method designed to efficiently monitor the radio emissions of massive samples of stars. Applying it to LOFAR data, the authors identify stellar bursts, offering clues to possible star–planet magnetic interactions.

Huot et al. investigate the differences in natural killer (NK) cells in lymph nodes during pathogenic and nonpathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of cynomolgus macaques and African green monkeys (AGMs), respectively. Their findings suggest that NK cells are specifically recruited to follicles in AGMs and regulate SIV replication in the lymph node.

This study reports that de novo germline missense variants in SF3B1, distinct from the somatic variants frequently observed in cancer, cause a neurodevelopmental disorder and disrupt global RNA splicing.

MK-7762 is a new oxazolidinone antitubercular agent that is structurally similar to linezolid, and demonstrated in vivo efficacy, lesion penetration and limited toxicity compared to linezolid, indicating it could be used in broad tuberculosis regimens.

Activin receptor-like kinase 4 (ALK4) is frequently downregulated or mutated in cancers. Here the authors find that ALK4 loss promotes canonical TGF-β signaling and cancer progression through increasing TGF-β receptor N-linked glycosylation and subsequently stabilizing these receptors at the cell surface.

Climate change is altering how plants balance carbon gain and water loss. This study maps global leaf-level water-use efficiency over the past two decades, showing it is highest in regions that are cold or dry, increasing worldwide, and strongly influenced by atmospheric dryness.

There is a lack of effective therapies for patients with non-V600E BRAF mutant cancer. Here, the authors report limited response in a phase II trial investigating the combination of binimetinib (MEK inhibitor) and encorafenib (BRAF inhibitor) for the treatment of non-V600E BRAF mutant cancer and subsequently investigate resistance mechanisms and combination therapeutic strategies in patient-derived models.

In a multicenter, randomized trial of patients with atrial fibrillation and a low risk of thromboembolic events, treatment with the anticoagulant rivaroxaban showed no benefit in reducing cognitive decline, stroke or transient ischemic attack when compared to placebo.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

The Arctic–boreal fire regime is greatly affected by biophysical and biological feedbacks from permafrost degradation, according to long-term observations of soil active layer thickness from 1997 to 2018 and causal inference modelling.

This study explores pathways of emissions and mitigation compatible with four climate boundaries—planetary boundaries for the climate system. The results highlight the importance of peak emission timing, limitation of carbon budgets as a sole indicator and trade-offs between mitigation options.

The present study shows that maternal presence beyond early life remains crucial for brain, behavioural and physiological development in young horses, highlighting the importance of the mother–offspring relationship during a childhood-like stage.

Patin and colleagues present a mineable Resource database for identifying demographic and genetic factors that impact antiviral antibody repertoires in humans.

JWST observations of the ultra hot Jupiter WASP 121 b reveal helium escaping for most of its orbit, forming two giant tails moving in opposite directions. The results show how stellar radiation modifies planetary atmospheres.

DNA double-strand breaks endanger genome stability. Here, the authors present cryo-EM structures showing how Ku70/80 and DNA-PK bind DNA ends on nucleosomes, offering a mechanistic model for break recognition within chromatin.

Chronic stress disrupts the brain vasculature and contributes to mood disorders, but mechanisms of resilience remain unclear. Here, the authors show that enriched environments increase astrocytic Fgf2 to prevent stress-induced vascular alterations and depressive behavior with relevance to human depression.

Microbial carbon use efficiency is a strong predictor of soil organic carbon stocks. Here the authors reveal that the microbial growth rate is a more reliable and informative predictor, and that modelling approaches tend to overemphasize the role of biotic over abiotic controls compared to empirical data.

A comparison of the effects of different NAD⁺ boosters is lacking. This clinical study compares the efficacy of the NAD⁺ boosters NR, NMN and Nam in increasing circulating NAD⁺ levels and analyses their effects on gut microbial metabolism.

The authors reveal that the C-terminal tail anchors of BCL-2 family proteins control BH3 binding and cell survival by allosteric regulation at the mitochondrial membrane, involving BAX recruitment and complex disruption upon BH3 mimetic antagonism.

The links between meat production and immunity in cattle can affect agricultural production. Here, Li et al. identify genetic and environmental factors that shape immune responses in cattle, which can guide breeding for improved health.

Variants in the PSMC5 gene impair proteasome function and cellular homeostasis, altering brain development in children. This study reveals underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to this neurodevelopmental phenotype, and suggests therapeutic leads for neurodevelopmental proteasomopathies.

Here, as part of the Sherlock-Lung study, the authors profile the microbiomes of 940 lung cancers in never smokers finding no significant associations with demographic and clinical features, suggesting lung bacteria are unlikely to have a sizable role in lung cancer.

Soil carbon loss from human agriculture-related land use in the dry tropics largely offsets gains in northern lands, leading to a small net sink of 0.34 ± 0.30 PgC yr⁻¹ at a global scale.

Lung adenocarcinomas bearing the ID2 mutational signature display increased LINE-1 retrotransposon activity, which contributes to their fast evolutionary dynamics and aggressive phenotype.

Qu, Razmara et al. show that Gli1+ fetal cells give rise to long-lived cartilage progenitors in the long bones. While normally dormant until postnatally, they expand upon (and compensate for) growth perturbations, arising from external Pdgfra+ cells.

The adhesion of meningococci to endothelial cells relies on type IV pili, which induce the formation of long tubular structures on the host cell membrane. Here, the authors show that the tubular structures accumulate and trap host membrane-associated proteins, which facilitates their interaction with bacterial ligands and the activation of adhesion and signaling receptors.

Plant mitoribosomes are crucial for mitochondrial protein synthesis. Here, authors use cryo-EM to determine high-resolution structures of cauliflower mitoribosomes, and combined with sequencing and mass spectrometry, identified 19 rRNA base modifications.

Trends in global H₂ sources and sinks are analysed from 1990 to 2020, and a comprehensive budget for the decade 2010–2020 is presented.

The clinical management of patients with non-acute myocardial ischaemic syndrome (NAMIS) continues to evolve as increasingly effective treatment approaches become available. In this Review, Chiu et al. summarize the evidence from randomized trials on optimal medical therapy with or without percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft surgery to guide shared decision making in patients with NAMIS.

Surgical sterilization alone cannot control global stray and feral domestic cat populations. Here, Godin et al. show that a single-dose injectable female sterilant administered before puberty safely and completely prevents pregnancy after maturity.

Both environmental factors and genetic factors influence human immunity. Albert and colleagues leverage data from the Milieu Intérieur Consortium to comprehensively describe the effects of lifestyle, environment and genetics on human innate and adaptive immunity.