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There is a need for improved RSV vaccines to protect populations at risk. Here, the authors developed a proline-scanning strategy to create a highly stable RSV vaccine candidate that achieves enhanced production yields and provides robust protection against both RSV A and B strains in murine animal models.

Treatment selection for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (rHCC) after hepatectomy remains challenging. Here, the authors develop HEROVision, a Vision Transformer-based model for personalised prognosis prediction and treatment optimisation in rHCC based on clinical and imaging data, outperforming other guideline staging systems and revealing patients who would benefit from changing treatments.

Embryo development is critical to seed development and grain yield in rice. Here, the authors show that mutation of brassinazole-resistance 4 (OsBZR4) cause embryoless phenotype with the possible involvement of auxin signaling and the penetration of the phenotype depending on genetic background and temperature.

Here the authors show that the growth plate (GP)-epiphysis interface possesses a strong modulus transition and acts as a mineralization inhibition zone, while the GP-metaphysis interface has a gradual transition and stimulates bone formation. They also identify proteins at these boundaries which inhibit or promote bone mineralization.

R-spondin 2 has an important role in development but its function in cancer has not been described. In this study, Wu et al. demonstrate that R-spondin 2 is decreased in expression in colorectal cancer and this is associated with promoter methylation and inhibition of Wnt signalling.

A haplotype-resolved genome of hybrid sugarcane cultivar XTT22 and population analyses of Saccharum accessions highlight the genome evolution of allopolyploids and provide opportunities for sugarcane breeding.

The haptic interface is an essential part of human–machine interfaces where tactile information is delivered between human and machine. Yao et al. develop a soft, ultrathin, miniaturized and wireless electrotactile system that allows virtual tactile information to be reproduced over the hand.

Monitoring the early-stage healing of severe traumatic nerve injuries is essential to gather pathological information for timely interventions. Here, the authors introduce a biodegradable and restorative neural interface for wireless real-time tracking.

Intricate regulation of gene expression is important for execution of biology processes. Here, the authors generate a comprehensive map of accessible chromatin by integrating the ATAC-seq data of 12 major maize tissues and explore their interspecific and intraspecific constraints in multiple Poaceae and maize genomes.

Here, the authors conduct a paired genome analysis of humans and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a cohort from Lima, Peru. Their research reveals that genetic variations in both the host and pathogen significantly influence the progression to tuberculosis.

Medium- and branched-chain diols and amino alcohols are important industrial feedstocks, but they are biosynthetically challenging to produce. Here the authors introduce a modular polyketide synthase platform for the efficient production of these compounds.

A ‘mouse atlas’, comprising single-cell transcriptomic data from more than 100,000 cells from 20 organs and tissues, has been created as a resource for cell biology.

The greater wax moth (GWM) is a major bee pest. Here, the authors show how a pest control method that combines a strain of Bacillus thuringiensis and a lure-based entrapment can help to control GWM using lab experiments and field beehives.

CAR-T cell therapies targeting BCMA have shown promising responses in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), however primary resistance and relapse are frequently observed. Here the authors report the results of a phase I//II study of bispecific CAR T-cells targeting BCMA and CD19 in relapsed/refractory MM.

The treatment of diabetic wounds tends to be hindered by complex wound environments, and the critical role of the microenvironment in the chronic diabetic wounds has not been explored for therapeutic development. Here, the authors develop a wound microenvironment-responsive microneedle bandage to achieve self-enhanced, catabolic and dynamic therapy of chronic wounds.

Maintaining yield under environmental stresses is a long-standing but challenging goal of rice breeding. Here, the authors report a MYB transcription factor encoding gene GL12 from wild rice can improve grain length and salt tolerance in cultivated rice and the identification of its upstream regulators GIF1 and WRKY53.

Ace2^−/− zebrafish show growth delay, smaller size, reduced intestinal amino acid absorption, altered plasma/muscle amino acid profiles, and gut microbiota dysbiosis, underscoring Ace2’s pivotal role in fish growth and metabolism.

Using site-specific chemical crosslinking strategies, Ai, Tong and Deng et al. captured structural intermediates of ubiquitin E3 ligase RNF168-mediated H2A K13 and K15 monoubiquitination and adjacent dual monoubiquitination in the DNA damage repair response; the structural analysis revealed a helix-anchoring mechanism.

The development of a tandem catalyst, consisting of two distinct nanoscale-engineered layers, enables efficient multicarbon production with high CO₂ utilization in an acidic CO₂ electroreduction environment.

A linkage-specific tool for K29-linked polyubiquitin was developed, enabling the discovery that K29-linked ubiquitination participates in multiple cellular pathways, including the proteotoxic stress response and cell cycle regulation.

Mina53 is identified as the enzyme responsible for removing histone 4 arginine 3 asymmetric dimethylation and is important to regulate gene expressions critical for neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation.

A publicly accessible tool—the TIMES score—for predicting the risk of recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma is revealed, providing mechanistic insights into the prognostic patterns for hepatocellular carcinoma.

The widespread use of organoboronic acids has prompted the development of synthetic methodologies to meet the demands on structural diversity and functional group tolerance. Herein, the authors disclose a divergent radical dechloroborylation reaction enabled by dinuclear gold catalysis with visible light irradiation.

The tumor microenvironment can influence patient survival response to therapy. Here, the authors used single-cell sequencing to investigate the microenvironment of nasopharyngeal cancer and identify tumor-specific signatures in five stromal clusters of cells that may influence patient survival.

Mycobacterium kansasii can cause serious pulmonary disease. Here, the authors present a population genomics analysis of 358 environmental and clinical isolates from around the world, supporting the idea that municipal water is a main source of infection, and shedding light into the pathogen’s diversity and adaptation to the human host.

Vasek et al. demonstrate that distal processes of microglia locally translate specific mRNAs including those related to immunity and phagocytosis. They then show that local protein synthesis is necessary for microglial process-initiated phagocytosis.

Meng et al. show that the RNA polymerase II elongation factor ELL3 suppresses the 5′ untranslated region activities of a subset of young LINE-1 elements, which activate genes such as Akt3, and regulate ERK signalling and naïve pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells.

Analysis of 4,578 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates reveals the evolutionary history of the four tuberculosis genotypes in China, from emergence 1,000 years ago to expansion, population peaks and, more recently, dominance of the indigenous sublineage L2.3.

The Russia–Ukraine war triggered an energy crisis that affected the cost of many goods and services. Guan et al. model the direct and indirect impacts of increased energy prices across expenditure groups and countries, finding temporary increases in total household energy costs of 63–113% under different scenarios.

Phototherapy of deep tumors suffers from many obstacles, such as limited near-infrared tissue penetration depth and low accumulation efficiency within the target sites. Here, the authors report stimuli sensitive tumor-targeted photodynamic nanoparticles with persistent luminescence for the treatment of deep tumors.

The binding and phosphorylation of serine–arginine-rich (SR) proteins by SR protein kinases (SRPKs) is essential to regulate target gene expression, however, the efficient inhibition of this interaction and phosphorylation remains underexplored. Here, the authors develop a covalent inhibitor that targets the lysine residue within the SRPK-specific docking groove, to block interaction and phosphorylation of the prototypic SR protein SRSF1.

Kodama et al. show that microglia from male and female adult mice have distinct microRNA profiles and that loss of microglial microRNAs leads to sex-specific changes in the microglial transcriptome and tau pathology.

Only a few genetic variants have been identified to mediate salt tolerance in major crops and their molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, the authors identify WRKY53 as a negative regulator of salt tolerance in rice, and show that it directly trans-regulates expression of MKK10.2 and HKT1;5 to meditate salt tolerance.

Cachexia affects many cancer patients causing weight loss and increasing mortality. Here, the authors identify extracellular Hsp70 and Hsp90, either in soluble form or secreted as part of exosomes from tumor cells, to be responsible for tumor induction of cachexia.

A transcriptomics study demonstrates cell-type-specific responses to differentially aged blood and shows young blood to have restorative and rejuvenating effects that may be invoked through enhanced mitochondrial function.

This Review describes recent advances in our understanding of the ontogeny, development and function of brain-resident macrophages and microglia, including their normal functions during brain development and homeostasis and how disturbance of these functions may precipitate neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases.

The molecular connection between nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) and biomass production is unclear. Here, the authors show that differences in NUE and cellulose biogenesis between rice indica and japonica subspecies can be explained by variation at the MYB61 locus, which is regulated by the NUE regulator GRF4.

A single-cell transcriptomic atlas across the lifespan of the mouse, denoted Tabula Muris Senis, provides molecular information about the hallmarks of ageing in a range of tissues and cell types.

Bulk RNA sequencing of organs and plasma proteomics at different ages across the mouse lifespan is integrated with data from the Tabula Muris Senis, a transcriptomic atlas of ageing mouse tissues, to describe organ-specific changes in gene expression during ageing.