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China contributed about half of the global carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) emissions during 2011–2021, according to long-term atmospheric observations from China.

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

There is interest in methods to extend products shelf-life to reduce food waste. Here, the authors report on an amyloid-like protein coating that extends fruit shelf-life 2-5 times by blocking microbes and moisture loss, preserving nutrients, cutting waste and reducing the need for cold chain storage and transport.

The exact role of the degenerate nucleotide-binding site in a heterodimeric ABC transporter is unclear. Here, authors identify a mycobacterial isoniazid efflux pump, capture its asymmetric intermediate states and reveal mechanism of this transporter mediated by the degenerate site.

Understanding deregulation of biological pathways in cancer can provide insight into disease etiology and potential therapies. Here, as part of the PanCancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) consortium, the authors present pathway and network analysis of 2583 whole cancer genomes from 27 tumour types.

Analyses of 2,658 whole genomes across 38 types of cancer identify the contribution of non-coding point mutations and structural variants to driving cancer.

Analysis of cancer genome sequencing data has enabled the discovery of driver mutations. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium the authors present DriverPower, a software package that identifies coding and non-coding driver mutations within cancer whole genomes via consideration of mutational burden and functional impact evidence.

Multi-omics datasets pose major challenges to data interpretation and hypothesis generation owing to their high-dimensional molecular profiles. Here, the authors develop ActivePathways method, which uses data fusion techniques for integrative pathway analysis of multi-omics data and candidate gene discovery.

Whole-genome sequencing, transcriptome-wide association and fine-mapping analyses in over 7,000 individuals with critical COVID-19 are used to identify 16 independent variants that are associated with severe illness in COVID-19.

There’s an emerging body of evidence to show how biological sex impacts cancer incidence, treatment and underlying biology. Here, using a large pan-cancer dataset, the authors further highlight how sex differences shape the cancer genome.

With the generation of large pan-cancer whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing projects, a question remains about how comparable these datasets are. Here, using The Cancer Genome Atlas samples analysed as part of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes project, the authors explore the concordance of mutations called by whole exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing techniques.

In somatic cells the mechanisms maintaining the chromosome ends are normally inactivated; however, cancer cells can re-activate these pathways to support continuous growth. Here, the authors characterize the telomeric landscapes across tumour types and identify genomic alterations associated with different telomere maintenance mechanisms.

The flagship paper of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium describes the generation of the integrative analyses of 2,658 cancer whole genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types, the structures for international data sharing and standardized analyses, and the main scientific findings from across the consortium studies.

Integrative analyses of transcriptome and whole-genome sequencing data for 1,188 tumours across 27 types of cancer are used to provide a comprehensive catalogue of RNA-level alterations in cancer.

Whole-genome sequencing data from more than 2,500 cancers of 38 tumour types reveal 16 signatures that can be used to classify somatic structural variants, highlighting the diversity of genomic rearrangements in cancer.

Viral pathogen load in cancer genomes is estimated through analysis of sequencing data from 2,656 tumors across 35 cancer types using multiple pathogen-detection pipelines, identifying viruses in 382 genomic and 68 transcriptome datasets.

A pan-cancer genomic analysis reports the effects of structural variations on chromatin domains (TADs). Most TAD disruptions do not result in appreciable changes in expression of nearby genes.

An analysis of 2,954 genomes from 38 cancer subtypes identified 19,166 retrotransposition events in 35% of samples. Aberrant LINE-1 retrotranspositions can lead to the deletion of tumor-suppressor genes as well as the amplification of oncogenes.

Whole-genome sequencing data for 2,778 cancer samples from 2,658 unique donors across 38 cancer types is used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of cancer, revealing that driver mutations can precede diagnosis by several years to decades.

Some cancer patients first present with metastases where the location of the primary is unidentified; these are difficult to treat. In this study, using machine learning, the authors develop a method to determine the tissue of origin of a cancer based on whole sequencing data.

The authors present SVclone, a computational method for inferring the cancer cell fraction of structural variants from whole-genome sequencing data.

Many tumours exhibit hypoxia (low oxygen) and hypoxic tumours often respond poorly to therapy. Here, the authors quantify hypoxia in 1188 tumours from 27 cancer types, showing elevated hypoxia links to increased mutational load, directing evolutionary trajectories.

The characterization of 4,645 whole-genome and 19,184 exome sequences, covering most types of cancer, identifies 81 single-base substitution, doublet-base substitution and small-insertion-and-deletion mutational signatures, providing a systematic overview of the mutational processes that contribute to cancer development.

In this study the authors consider the structural variants (SVs) present within cancer cases of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium. They report hundreds of genes, including known cancer-associated genes for which the nearby presence of a SV breakpoint is associated with altered expression.

Cancers evolve as they progress under differing selective pressures. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, the authors present the method TrackSig the estimates evolutionary trajectories of somatic mutational processes from single bulk tumour data.

Epichaperomes are chaperone assemblies that reorganize protein networks under stress. Here, authors reveal how HSP90 phosphorylation drives epichaperome formation, linking this process to cancer cell behaviors and pluripotent stem cell functions.

The diagnosis of sleep disorders such as narcolepsy and insomnia currently requires experts to interpret sleep recordings (polysomnography). Here, the authors introduce a neural network analysis method for polysomnography that could reduce time spent in sleep clinics and automate narcolepsy diagnosis.

Calorimetry is a powerful tool for precise heat measurement at the nanowatt and picowatt scale but is often constrained by high cost and complexity. Here, the authors introduce a flexible printed circuit-based microcalorimeter that enables high-resolution thermal analysis at a lower cost than conventional systems.

Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) is the target of more than 50 commercial herbicides, with many site-of-action resistance isolates identified in weeds. Here, the authors report the structural and kinetic characterizations to explain the effect AHAS mutations have on herbicide potency.

Genome-scale genetic screens identify the small RNA-binding protein La as a strong mediator of prime editing.

Because open-circuit voltage deficit is greater in wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells, the authors introduce diammonium molecules to modify perovskite surface states and achieve a more uniform spatial distribution of surface potential, enabling record voltage all-perovskite tandem solar cells.

A crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 with inhibitor carmofur reveals the mechanism of action of this compound and opens the way to develop more potent drugs.

Cryogenic electron microscopy structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATP synthase and human ATP synthase bound to the anti-tuberculosis drug bedaquiline or its analogue TBAJ-587 shed light on drug binding and could lead to new treatments for tuberculosis.

Here, four cryo-EM structures of Mtb OppABCD reveal an assembly of a cluster C substrate-binding protein and its translocator, as well as the [4Fe–4S] cluster-regulated transport mechanism of oligopeptide permeases found in bacteria.

This paper proposes a framework to assess systemic risks that compound and cascade within and between systems. This emphasizes political economy and transformations, as well as trans-disciplinarity and diverse participation, evidence and methods.

Structures of the acetohydroxyacid synthase complexes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana provide insights into the biosynthesis of and feedback inhibition by branched-chain amino acids.

Cytochromes bd oxidase (Cyt-bd) catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water and is the terminal oxidase in the respiratory chain of prokaryotes. Here, the authors present the 2.8 Å cryo-EM structure of Mycobacterium smegmatis Cyt-bd and identify two potential oxygen access channels in the structure, which is of interest for the development of novel antituberculosis drugs.

Segal and colleagues identify a population of immature neutrophils as having regenerative properties on injured neurons and being capable of inducing axon regeneration. These findings suggest potential strategies for restoring lost neurological functions in central nervous system disorders.

Glutamate that diffuses out of the synaptic cleft can have actions at distant receptors, a mode of transmission called spillover. Here, the authors find in the cerebellar cortex that glutamate spillover from climbing fibers activates synaptic AMPA receptors of molecular layer interneurons, allowing glutamate from an unconnected pathway to co-opt postsynaptic receptors.

Diheme-containing succinate:menaquinone oxidoreductases (Sdh) are members of the complex II superfamily. Here, the authors present the 2.8 Å cryo-EM structure of Mycobacterium smegmatis Sdh2, which reveals membrane-anchored SdhF as a component of the complex and they discuss the electron/proton transfer pathway in the Sdh2 trimer.

Forest carbon source and sink processes may have contrasting climatic sensitivities. This analysis on 177 coniferous forest sites shows that carbon fluxes and wood formation are coupled but not fully synchronous at intra-annual scales, with peaks in cambial activity preceding those in photosynthesis and respiration.

All-perovskite triple-junction solar cell devices have been fabricated, with a certified efficiency of 23.3%; these devices retain 80% of their initial efficiency following 420 hours of operation.

Genetic resources for livestock are valuable for understanding their demography and past selection, and may inform future breeding programs and agricultural improvement. Here, the authors present deep resequencing of 248 wild and domestic sheep, with associated data and analysis.

The climate crisis will increase the frequency of extreme weather events. Harrison et al. show that while global waterlogging-induced yield losses increase from 3–11% historically to 10–20% by 2080, adapting sowing periods and adopting waterlogging-tolerant genotypes can negate such yield losses.

Massive-scale mutational screening across 385 genes reveals a wide spectrum of alleles that govern tunable T cell functions, including cytokine production and cytotoxicity.

The ER chaperone BiP is regulated by FICD-mediated AMPylation and deAMPylation. Here, the authors characterise the structure of mammalian AMPylated BiP bound to FICD, by X-ray crystallography and neutron scattering, providing insights into the mechanism of BiP AMPylation and deAMPylation.