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Extremophiles on Earth are known to respire methane, and the potential existence of methane on Mars indicates similar organisms could survive there. Here, the authors present data from Martian meteorites confirming the presence of methane, indicating that a habitat capable of supporting organisms exists on Mars.

Analysis of samples from the asteroid Ryugu provide evidence of late fluid flow in a carbonaceous asteroid, indicating that such bodies may have retained two to three times more water than previously thought.

DNA molecules can be programmed to autonomously carry out supervised learning in vitro, with the system learning to perform pattern classification from molecular examples of inputs and desired responses.

Sedimentary osmium isotopes from the Gulf of Mexico indicate that after the Cretaceous-Paleogene impact, nutrients were supplied by hydrothermal activity for 700 kyr and may have contributed to the post-extinction recovery of the marine ecosystem

Ataluren restored SBDS protein synthesis in three patients with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, improving bone marrow cellularity and pancreatic function without side effects, highlighting its potential as therapeutic option for this genetic disease.

The development of subunit vaccines mimicking the molecular complexity of attenuated vaccines has been limited by the difficulty in co-delivery of multiple chemically diverse payloads. Here, the authors report hierarchical hydrogels, assembled from a single homopolymer via a multi-stage process, that enable ratiometric loading of a protein antigen and four physicochemically distinct adjuvants.

In this work, authors utilise a prefractionation natural product extract screening platform, which uncovers coniotins, lipopeptaibiotics with broad antifungal activity and a mechanism of action that targets fungal cell wall β-glucan.

Flores et al. show that brain-penetrant eIF2B agonists suppress ISR activation in cellular and mouse models of ALS and reduce ISR biomarkers in humans, enabling further clinical studies of ISR inhibition in individuals with neurological diseases

In this 4-year unblinded follow-up study, the authors evaluate 63% of the participants of a double-blind randomised control trial that assessed the effects of faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on adolescents with obesity.

The treatment of inflammatory arthritis by local delivery of therapeutics is limited by short half-lives of drugs. Here the authors demonstrate a hydrogel platform that titrates drug release to arthritis activity.

HERMES is a molecular-formula-oriented and peak-detection-free method that uses LC/MS1 information to optimize MS2 acquisition for LC/MS-based metabolomic analysis.

Development of safe and effective non-viral delivery systems is important for broadening clinical applications of mRNA delivery. Here, Vlasova et al. create a library of ionizable lipopolymers using split-Ugi reaction to develop nanoparticles for targeted pulmonary delivery of mRNA.

Lee et al. show that the circadian clock protein REV-ERBα controls brain NAD⁺ levels by regulating the NAD⁺-consuming enzyme CD38. Global or astrocytic REV-ERBα deletion or pharmacologic REV-ERB inhibition protects against tau pathology in mice.

This study used multiplex serology to monitor multiple diseases simultaneously from a single serosurvey. Seroprevalence estimates were performed for five disease categories in Zambezia Province, Mozambique.

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are important for the stability and function of many therapeutic proteins. Here, the authors develop a high-throughput workflow combining cell-free gene expression with AlphaLISA to rapidly characterize and engineer PTMs on both proteins and peptides.

CRISPR systems are powerful tools for gene editing and diagnostics, but their regulation is challenging. Here, the authors present DNACas, a light-controlled method using photocleavable phosphorothioate DNA to modulate CRISPR activity, enabling precise gene editing and one-pot diagnostic detection.

Droplet microfluidic tools with single-cell resolution and high-throughput screening capacities remain scarce. Here, the authors propose NOVAsort, a next-generation droplet sorter that can discern droplets based on both size and fluorescence, which can overcome common problems with conventional sorters.

Here, the authors apply genome-scale metabolic network reconstructions to metagenomic data obtained from human vaginal swabs to identify bacterial vaginosis-associated bacterial metabolic interactions, and validate in vitro microbial metabolites implicated in host estrogen receptor binding.

Vaccination provides protection from COVID-19, but optimization in design and route is an ever-ongoing process. Here the authors pursue an open-label, multi-arm phase I clinical trial to report the safety of a multi-valent, aerosol vaccine administered via inhalation, as well as superior mucosal immunity induced by ChAd over HuAd vectors.

Nickel hydroxide is a promising material for capacitor electrodes and most research has focussed on the crystalline form. Here, the authors report that amorphous nickel hydroxide nanospheres, which may be synthesized relatively easily, also exhibit excellent integrated electrochemical performance.

Feature-based molecular networking is used to analyze non-targeted liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry metabolomics data. This protocol includes instructions, ready-made code and a web app (https://fbmn-statsguide.gnps2.org/) for statistical analysis of feature-based molecular networking results.

Subcutaneously injected biomaterial scaffolds mimicking key features of physiological T-cell activation enhance the antitumour activity of intravenously pre-administered CAR-T cells.

Deep X-ray limits are placed on the source of the closest fast radio burst, FRB 20200120E, ruling out an ultraluminous X-ray source or a young extragalactic pulsar embedded in a Crab-like nebula as its origin.

Secondary organic aerosols in Beijing are driven by emissions from outside of the city, with seasonally different emission sources, according to molecular chemical characterization of particulate air pollution.

Here, the authors reveal that protozoal communities shape rumen microbiome structure, offering fresh insights into how these complex communities coordinate essential metabolic tasks across multiple microbial domains.

In recent years, the catalytic activity of scandium triflate Sc(OTf)3 has attracted significant attention due to its robust Lewis acidity and the oxophilicity of Sc3 + . Here, the authors demonstrate different reactivity of the same compound, that Sc(OTf)3 is a visible light photocatalyst capable of direct and mild aerobic oxidative C–H functionalization.

This study refines benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca paleothermometry to reduce uncertainties to ±0.2-0.3 °C, which was then applied in Atlantic and Pacific sediment cores to reconstruct Mid-Pliocene M2 glaciation sea-level changes.

Samples returned from asteroid Bennu largely comprise hydrated sheet silicates with sulfides, magnetite and carbonate that indicate alteration by a fluid that evolved from neutral to alkaline, according to a micro- and nanoscale mineralogical study.

It is debated whether motor cortical activity reflects plans for multiple potential actions. Here, the authors report that in a delayed response task with two potential reach targets, population activity in the dorsal premotor cortex at any moment in time represents only one of the targets.

Fluorogenic RNA aptamers such as Mango are powerful tools for RNA imaging. An ultrabright RNA-activated fluorophore with improved photophysical performance has now been developed using a structure-informed, fragment-based screening approach. This system was studied using high-resolution crystallography and applied to image RNA in cells.

Rapid extracellular antibody profiling reveals a contribution of autoantibodies to the effectiveness of checkpoint immunotherapy for cancer.

A dual interfacial hydrogen-bond passivation strategy and a hybrid copper–iodide are used to fabricate deep-blue light-emitting diodes with excellent external quantum efficiency and lifetime.

Seven thousand years of environmental variability are recorded by a coastal iron-manganese concretion, according to microstructure, magnetic, geochemical, and isotopic geochemical analyses of a concretion from the Baltic Sea.

This study uses chromatin tracing to identify alterations in single-cell 3D genome conformation during the progression of Kras-driven mouse lung adenocarcinoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and proposes Rnf2 as a regulator of the 3D genome.