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In this study, the authors describe SANA, a nitroalkene derivative of salicylate, as a potential activator of creatine-dependent energy expenditure and thermogenesis in adipose tissue. Preclinical and clinical data from this paper also suggest that SANA improves glucose homeostasis and promotes weight loss in mice and humans.

China contributed about half of the global carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) emissions during 2011–2021, according to long-term atmospheric observations from China.

In this work, authors report on the PET-CT outcomes from the use of adjunctive statin therapy, rosuvastatin, in the intensive phase of tuberculosis (TB) treatment. Rosuvastatin had no impact on PET-CT changes when used as an adjunct to TB treatment. 8-weeks of TB treatment resulted in ~50% reduction in total lesion glycolysis (TLG), a metric that combines the volume of lung affected and metabolic activity.

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons are important ozone-depleting substances. Here the authors show that the radiative forcing and equivalent effective chlorine from hydrochlorofluorocarbons has decreased in recent years, 5 years earlier than expected.

This study shows evidence for multiple and distinct associative mechanisms involved in human Pavlovian learning, identifying putative neural correlates for the parallel expression of both devaluation sensitive and insensitive Pavlovian behaviors.

Infectious disease associated with excessive inflammation can result in coagulopathy. Here the authors show use of the clinically approved therapy dimethyl fumarate, as well as the pre-clinical tool compound 4- octyl itaconate, modulate tissue factor related coagulopathy via inhibition of the myeloid type I interferon pathway-tissue factor axis.

Pavlovian conditioning involves model-free learning that associates predictive stimuli with their outcome value. Here, the authors present evidence for activation of OFC and striatum that is consistent with model based information during a pavlovian task with multiple stimuli that predict rewards.

Visual representations are thought to develop from visual experience and inductive biases. Orhan and Lake show that modern machine learning algorithms can learn visual knowledge from a few hundred hours of longitudinal headcam recordings collected from young children during the course of early development, without strong inductive biases.

Atmospheric measurements show that China’s emissions of the potent greenhouse gas, sulfur hexafluoride, grew rapidly between 2011 and 2021. This rise could offset some of China’s progress towards its greenhouse gas emission reduction goal.

Atmospheric concentration measurements at remote sites around the world reveal an accelerated decline in the global mean CFC-11 concentration during 2018 and 2019, reversing recent trends and building confidence in the timely recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer.

Levels of five chlorofluorocarbons rose in the atmosphere from 2010 to 2020 despite their production being banned by the Montreal Protocol, probably arising as by-products of hydrofluorocarbon production, according to analysis of abundance and emissions data.

Atmospheric levels of chloroform increased after 2010, as a result of emissions in eastern China, according to analyses of measurements and inverse modelling.

Dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂) is an unregulated ozone depleting substance whose emissions have strongly increased in recent years. Here, the authors show that rising emissions of dichloromethane in China between 2011 and 2019 can explain much of this global increase.

Atmospheric data and chemical-transport modelling show that CFC-11 emissions from eastern China have again decreased, after increasing in 2013–2017, and a delay in ozone-layer recovery has probably been avoided.

FLS2 is the well-known plasma membrane receptor for flg22, a specific region of bacterial flagellin. But Solanaceae can also detect flagellin through another epitope, flgII-28, thanks to the novel receptor-like kinase FLS3 now identified in tomato.

Pool and colleagues show that Pavlovian conditioning involves learning of different classes of responses: some flexibly adapt to changes in outcome value, whereas others persist even when the outcome is no longer valuable for the individual.

International agreements have been implemented to reduce emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) to reduce their radiative forcing. Even though reported HFC-23 emissions are at a historical low, observations indicate that emissions have actually increased over recent years to higher levels than previously.

Obesity can affect bone marrow cell differentiation and the generation of myeloid and lymphoid cells. Here, the authors show that diet and obesity, as well as low-dose lipopolysaccharide, can alter Toll-like receptor 4 signaling bone marrow cells to skew the myeloid-lymphoid homeostasis in mice.

Namboodiri, Otis et al. reveal that orbitofrontal cortex acquires and maintains a long-term memory of cue–reward associations to guide multiple aspects of behavioral learning, and that it routes select information to a downstream learning center.

In the mammalian navigational system, neurons have been identified in the CA2 region of the hippocampus that keep track of position when an animal is not moving.

Emissions from eastern China account for approximately 40 to 60 per cent of the global rise in emissions of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), which may be a result of new production and use.

Estimates of N₂O emissions are important given its role as a GHG. Atmospheric inversions indicate emissions increased over the past decade at a rate 2.5 times that estimated using the IPCC default method, and the emissions response to N-input is larger than linear when N-input is high.

Observations of methyl chloroform combined with an atmospheric transport model predict a Northern to Southern Hemisphere hydroxyl ratio of slightly less than 1, whereas commonly used atmospheric chemistry models predict ratios 15–45% higher.

Paul Thompson and colleagues report a genome-wide association study for hippocampal, intracranial and total brain volume. They identify a locus at 12q24 associated with hippocampal volume and a locus at 12q14 associated with intracranial volume.

Substantial hydrofluorocarbon-23 emissions persist despite international reduction commitments: Emissions estimates based on inverse modelling of atmospheric measurements and transport exceeded reported values by more than five times in 2021.