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This study reveals how human small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E1 recruits its E2 partner UBC9 and transfers SUMO1 through large structural changes, uncovering key mechanisms that ensure specificity and fidelity in SUMOylation, an essential protein modification pathway.

Here, the authors characterize the tempo and mode of lemur speciation with a phylogenomic dataset that also includes lorisiforms. They find that lemurs exhibited multiple bursts of diversification (without subsequent decline in diversification rate) with the highest diversification rates accompanied by high introgression rates.

An analysis of data from the Sherlock-Lung study provides insight into the mutational processes that contribute to lung cancer in never smokers, and looks at the possible role of factors such as air pollution and passive smoking.

The authors present sample-based quantum diagonalization (SQD) simulations of non-covalent interactions that match the accuracy of state-of-the-art classical methods. These results mark a key step towards quantum advantage, though further advances are needed to fully realize this potential.

The discovery that DNA methylation of different CpG sites can serve as digital barcodes of clonal identity led to the development of EPI-Clone, an algorithm that enables single-cell lineage tracing through cellular differentiation at scale.

Complex diseases often involve subtle subtypes, making their detection vital for personalized medicine. Here, the authors show that the PHet (Preserving Heterogeneity) method reliably uncovers disease-specific subtypes using small sets of features

Stanley M. Burstein and Caleb E. Finch reveal how a work by classical physician Galen pioneered the idea of the ‘healthspan’.

A long-period radio transient with coincident radio and X-ray emission and observational properties unlike any known Galactic object has been observed by the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder.

Long-period radio transients emit powerful polarized signals lasting minutes to an hour. The discovery of ASKAP J1935+2148, a source showing diverse emission modes that resemble neutron-star behaviour, challenges existing ideas of these phenomena.

Oxygen in shallow shelf waters rose linearly with atmospheric oxygen in the Neoproterozoic era, potentially driving the first radiation of marine animals, but widespread ocean oxygenation came later, according to reconstructions of oxygen levels and marine productivity.

A study of human and mouse models of pancreatic cancer finds that inhibiting the lipid kinase PIKfyve interferes with the cancer’s lipid homeostasis, making it a potential target for drug development.

Exome sequencing of 851 trios from more than 2,500 individuals finds 187 genes with de novo mutations that contribute to meningomyelocele (spina bifida) and highlights critical pathways required for neural tube closure.

A hallmark of addiction is a propensity for relapse following abstinence. Here, the authors linked specific transcriptional signatures of the nucleus accumbens to different rodent abstinence modalities relevant to cocaine use disorders in humans.

Pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental delays in infants during maternal Zika virus infection is not well understood. Here, the authors show that congenital Zika virus infection in macaques disrupts fetal neurodevelopment through myelin decompaction and suppression of myelin gene expression.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

Coherent radio emission with a long (nearly 6.5 h) period has been detected from both magnetic poles of a rotating compact object, offering insights into the evolution and emission mechanism of compact radio transients.

The APC/C ubiquitylates histones to regulate gene expression in pluripotent cells. Here, the authors pair cryo-EM and biochemical and biophysical assays to show that instead of modifying nucleosome-incorporated histones, the APC/C ubiquitylates extranucleosomal histone complexes through a mechanism that bypasses canonical substrate degrons.

Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of cells and matrix along the fibrotic trajectory in mouse lung identified PI16 as an anti-fibrotic factor with potential for therapeutic application in humans.

Confounding factors on gene expression analysis can be analyzed by several existing tools. Here the authors develop an algorithm called MOCCASIN to correct the effect of known and unknown confounders on RNA splicing quantification.

The influence of pregnancy on Long COVID is not well understood. Here, the authors use electronic health record data from the United States to compare the incidence of Long COVID in females after infection in pregnancy with matched non-pregnant females of reproductive age.

By using ceramics for the mechanical and sealing components of a mechanical pump, liquid metal can be circulated continuously at temperatures at least as high as 1,673 kelvin.

Multiple omics platforms and deep single-cell profiling in the I4 astronauts reveal both conserved and distinct immune system disruptions across missions, provide a single-cell immune reference for future missions.

Combining droplet-based ATAC-seq and mitochondrial DNA sequencing reveals clonal variation in human cells and tissues.

Here the authors provide the biospecimen collection methodology from the SpaceX Inspiration4 mission, including venous blood, capillary blood, saliva, urine, stool, skin biopsy, body swab, and environmental swab samples.

Shortages of donor blood for transfusions can have severe medical consequences, and ex vivo production of red blood cells offers a potential solution. Here authors developed synthetic EPO receptors, which allow erythropoiesis (red blood cell production) without the need for expensive EPO.

H9T, an engineered IL-2 partial agonist, promotes the expansion of T cells while maintaining a stem-cell-like state, leading to improved efficacy of adoptive cell therapy in mouse models of melanoma and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

ILT J1101 is a white dwarf–M dwarf binary that emits minute-duration radio pulses with a 2-h periodicity. The period of the radio pulses is linked to the orbital period of the binary, rather than the rotation period of the stellar components.

Combining microfluidics with combinatorial indexing enables rapid mapping of genome accessibility in hundreds of thousands of single cells.

As aromatic compounds can be obtained easily, their functionalization is a cornerstone of organic synthesis. Here, the authors report a dearomatization of aromatic isocyanides, installing three carbon-carbon bonds, two quaternary stereocenters, and three orthogonal functionalities in one operation.

An integrated data and sample repository for clinical, cellular and multi-omics research from diverse spaceflight missions known as Space Omics and Medical Atlas (SOMA) is presented.

Identifying sources of quasiparticle poisoning is an active problem in superconducting quantum circuits. Here the authors show that the rate of quasiparticle bursts in a cryogenic calorimeter decreases by two orders of magnitude in a low-stress suspended state, suggesting stress as a key mechanism.

Single-cell transcriptomics, fate assays and a computational theory enable prediction of cell fates during haematopoiesis, discovery of regulators of erythropoiesis and reveal coupling between the erythroid, basophil and mast cell fates.

Radio pulses from a rare, radio-loud magnetar, XTE J1810−197, are seen to have undergone a conversion in their polarization state. This change can be linked to the magnetar’s magnetic field geometry, and has commonalities with an effect also seen in fast radio bursts.

A genome-wide association study identifies 17 genetic loci that are associated with the risk of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), and shows that the modulation of haematopoietic stem cell function drives MPN risk.

Here the authors record the responses evoked in the hand and arm representations of M1 during intracortical microstimulation in the hand representation of S1, and show somatotopically organized connections with motor cortex. The resulting interference with motor decoding is task dependent but can be alleviated by using biomimetic stimulation.

Diketopiperazine (DKP) natural products have diverse structures and biological functions. Here, the authors elucidate the biosynthetic pathway for indole alkaloid DKP nocardioazine B which includes DKP stereoisomerization by an unusual aspartate/glutamate racemase homolog and N- and C-methylation by a dual function methyltransferase.

Using phylogenetic analysis of a hopanoid-producing gene in bacteria, the authors establish fossil 2-methylhopanes as lipid biomarkers for aerobic cyanobacteria and reveal the role of cyanobacteria in primary production before 750 million years ago.

The transcription factor FOXO1 has a key role in human T cell memory, and manipulating FOXO1 expression could provide a way to enhance CAR T cell therapies by increasing CAR T cell persistence and antitumour activity.

The spectroscopic and photometric observations of a high-mass, transiting warm Jupiter, TIC 241249530 b, with an orbital eccentricity of 0.94, provide evidence that hot Jupiters may have formed by means of a high-eccentricity tidal-migration pathway.

A survey of the cellular RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that interact with dengue virus and Zika virus genomic RNA identifies ribosome-binding protein 1 and vigilin as bona fide RBPs able to promote viral RNA translation, replication and stability.

Single-cell analyses of immune cells from patients with pathogenic, single large-scale mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions including Pearson syndrome describe heteroplasmy dynamics consistent with purifying selection, as well as T-cell state-specific regulatory mechanisms and metabolic vulnerabilities.