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Analysis of mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) by using whole-genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancer samples across 38 cancer types identifies hypermutated mtDNA cases, frequent somatic nuclear transfer of mtDNA and high variability of mtDNA copy number in many cancers.

How arable farming affects soil fungal biogeography is poorly understood. Here, the authors find that prevalent fungal groups become more abundant, whereas rare groups become fewer or absent in arable lands across Europe, suggesting a biotic homogenization due to arable farming.

The influence of stress relaxation of the extracellular matrix on the formation of intestinal organoids was investigated. It was shown that a stress-relaxing synthetic matrix promotes crypt budding through increased symmetry breaking and niche cell formation.

Selenium and copper are two essential trace elements whose homeostasis and distribution is regulated by hepatic release of selenoprotein P (SELENOP) and ceruloplasmin, respectively. Here, the authors show that excessive copper results in hepatic SELENOP accumulation in the trans Golgi which might limit the selenium transport to peripheral organs.

A computational approach to generate reference-free protein families from the sequence space in metagenomes reveals an enormously diverse functional space.

Droplet GaAs quantum dots are interconnectable sources of single photons. Near-identical photons from remote GaAs quantum dots now show an interference visibility of 93% with quantum entanglement between the separate photon streams from the two sources.

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by lipid accumulation within hepatocytes and fibrosis. Seitz et al. show that the GTPase protein Rab24 is increased in the livers of people who are obese or have NASH.

RNA variants derived from cancer-associated RNA editing events can be a source of neoantigens. Here, based on a proteogenomic pipeline combining DNA and RNA sequencing with MS-based immunopeptidomics, the authors identity and validate potential neoantigen candidates in patients with different tumor entities, highlighting RNA as important neoantigen source.

Uptake of vitamin B₁₂ is important for colonisation of the gut by Bacteroides species. Here the authors characterise B₁₂ uptake in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, mediated by outer membrane protein complexes consisting of surface-exposed BtuG lipoproteins and BtuB TonB-dependent transporters.

Using three-dimensional correlative light and electron microscopy of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in postmortem brains of Parkinson’s disease patients, researchers show that the major constituents are membranes rather than proteinaceous filaments.

Structure of human nuclear pore complex in its cellular environment reveals a substantially dilated central channel and shows that its nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic rings restrict channel dimensions and create membrane asymmetry at the inner ring.

Amphiphilic proteins act as building blocks for the de novo formation of membrane-based organelles within Escherichia coli. The organelles can be selectively functionalized in vivo with unnatural amino acids and hence may permit chemical reactions inside the cell that have not been possible so far.

As more intersection points between platelets and the immune system are found, the role of platelets for vessel growth in the adult organism remains unclear. The authors demonstrate that platelets negatively modulate revascularization through CXCL4 secretion induced by activation C5aR1 on their surface.

Mehidi et al. show that piconewton forces exerted by the polymerization of individual actin filaments displace the WAVE regulatory complex from lamellipodial tips, thereby regulating WAVE complex activity during cell migration.

Direct dates for human remains found in association with Initial Upper Palaeolithic artefacts at Bacho Kiro Cave (Bulgaria) demonstrate the presence of Homo sapiens in the mid-latitudes of Europe before 45 thousand years ago.

An extensive RNA binding protein atlas (RBPome) for primary T cells would be a useful resource. Here the authors use two different methods to characterise the mouse and human T cell RBPome and show regulation of Roquin-1/2 dependent and independent pathways.

The insulin receptor plays a key role in many physiological processes, yet how insulin effects receptor signaling at the structural level remains incomplete. Here the authors present a high-resolution cryo-EM structure of a high-affinity form of the insulin-bound insulin receptor ectodomain that sheds light on the mechanism of signal transduction.

Synonymous mutations do not alter amino acid sequence but may exert oncogenic effects in other ways. Here, the authors present a catalogue of synonymous mutations in cancer and characterise their properties.

The nuclear factor kappa B subunit c-Rel acts as a master regulator of metabolism and signalling in epithelial cells and macrophages that drives inflammation and fibrogenesis in various models of fibrosis.

Inflammatory response to malaria pathogen Plasmodium falciparumcan be triggered by infected red blood cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). This study shows these EVs contain functional microRNA-Argonaute 2 complex that modulates gene expression and alter vascular barrier properties.

Systemic AL amyloidosis is caused by misfolding of immunoglobulin light chains and is one of the most frequently occurring forms of systemic amyloidosis. Here the authors present the 3.3 Å cryo-EM structure of a λ1 AL amyloid fibril that was isolated from an explanted human heart.

Whether there are conserved nucleic acid (NA) binding proteins across species is not fully known. Using data from human, mouse and fly, the authors identify common binders, implicate TAOKs and show that these kinases bind NAs across species and promote virus defence in mammalian cells.

PIEZO1 signalling mediates activation of a proinflammatory response to cyclical pressure fluctuations in immune cells.

An optimized two-step deposition process allows the formation of uniform layers of metal halide perovskites on textured silicon layers, enabling tandem silicon/perovskite solar cells with improved optical design and efficiency.

Hippocampal synaptic dysfunctions are an early symptom of Alzheimer’s disease. Here, the authors find adenosine A2A receptors are up-regulated in APP/PS1 model mice and that deleting or blocking receptor activity helps alleviate plasticity and memory impairments.

Methylmalonic acidemia is an inherited metabolic disease caused by loss or mutation of the enzyme MMUT. Here the authors use cell and animal models to show that MMUT mutations lead to defective mitophagy and stress in kidney cells, contributing to the pathogenesis in methylmalonic acidemia patients.

The adhesion receptor CD2 plays an important role in the full activation of T cells. Dustin and colleagues show that CD2 occupies a region in the periphery of the immunological synapse where it amplifies cognate antigen signals, whereas the presence of PD-1 disrupts this effect.

The authors present nanosensor chemical cytometry, based on an array of nIR fluorescent single walled carbon nanotube integrated along a microfluidic channel. The lensing effect of the flowing cells allows for extracting information, and correlating biomolecular information with physical properties.

The surfactant-like protein Ki-67 mediates the clustering of chromosomes during mitotic exit, which displaces large cytoplasmic molecules from the future nuclear space and thus enables the separation of cytoplasmic and nuclear components before the nuclear envelope reforms.

DNA-carrying nanoparticles can efficiently introduce leukaemia-targeting CAR genes into T cell nuclei, thereby inducing long-term disease remission.

HnRNP R regulates the axonal transcriptome. Here the authors show that hnRNP R is a component of translation initiation complexes and interacts with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (Ogt), promoting O-GlcNAcylation of eIF4G.

Medulloblastomas (MBs) are highly heterogeneous paediatric brain tumours that remain challenging to treat. Here, the authors integrate proteomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics and post-translational modification analyses to find molecular subgroups and potential therapeutic targets in MB tumours.

Fanconi anemia proteins are required for repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks. Here, the authors show that these proteins are also recruited to DNA double-strand breaks to promote repair by homologous recombination.

Remotely sensed NDVI data and contemporary field data from 84 grasslands on 6 continents show increasing divergence in aboveground plant biomass between sites in different bioclimatic regions.

A protein interaction network constructed with data from high-throughput affinity enrichment coupled to mass spectrometry provides a highly saturated yeast interactome with 31,004 interactions, including low-abundance complexes, membrane protein complexes and non-taggable protein complexes.

High-energy interlayer excitons in van der Waals semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides lie far above the bandgap and emit in the ultraviolet range.

The synthesis of amides is a key technology for the preparation of fine and bulk chemicals in industry. Here, the authors present the reductive amidation of esters with nitro compounds under additivesfree conditions as a robust methodology for amide synthesis.

Paediatric high-grade gliomas with MYCN amplification (HGG-MYCN) are rare and highly aggressive. Here, the authors generate a mouse model for HGG-MYCN that can recapitulate the histological and molecular profiles of the human tumours, and perform high-throughput drug screening to identify potential treatment options.

Extensive lysosomal damage can result in cell death but how limited protease leakage affects cytoplasmic organelles in viable cells is not well understood. Here the authors show that limited lysosomal damage leads to changes in the mitochondrial proteome and the modulation of macrophage immunometabolism.

Cellular pathways modulating longevity and stress resistance are known to affect protein translation. Here the authors show that the RNA methyltransferase, Nsun5, or its yeast homologue Rcm1, regulates lifespan of three different model organisms by modifying ribosomal RNA at a specific cytosine residue.

Heart failure is a major public health issue but due to our poor disease understanding the current therapies are symptomatic. Here the authors identify Myoscape as a novel cardiac protein regulating membrane localization of the L-type calcium channel and heart's contractile force, thus promising new therapeutic avenues for heart failure.

Replication stress has been associated with transient remodelling of replication intermediates into reversed forks, followed by efficient fork restart. Here the authors systematically analyse the role of RAD51 paralogs in these transactions, providing insights on the mechanistic role of different complexes of these proteins.

Medin promotes the formation of vascular aggregates with amyloid-β in mouse models and in human patients with Alzheimer’s disease, and is associated with vascular defects and cognitive decline.

The precise mechanisms that cause human obesity remain unknown. Here the authors illustrate how increased expression of Cadm1, a mediator of synapse assembly, is relevant to weight gain. Reduction of Cadm1 in multiple brain regions promoted weight loss, and these observations provide insight into the neuronal pathways contributing to obesity.

Chordomas are rare bone tumors with limited therapeutic options. Here, the authors identify molecular alterations associated with defective homologous recombination DNA repair in advanced chordomas and report prolonged response in a patient treated with a PARP inhibitor, which later acquired resistance due to a newly gained PARP1 mutation.

Genomic analysis of 491 medulloblastoma samples, including methylation profiling of 1,256 cases, effectively assigns candidate drivers to most tumours across all molecular subgroups.