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Grain chalkiness is an undesirable trait that severely compromises rice quality. Here, the authors report the cloning of an E3 ubiquitin ligase encoding gene Chalk9 and reveal its crucial role in regulating grain chalkiness through mediating the ubiquitination-dependent degradation of OsEBP89.

Environmental and genetic factors affect the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here the authors show a loss of function Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA 1 (ADAR) variant that results in accumulation of dsRNA which is sensed by MDA5 and promotes bowel inflammation.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune condition leading to extreme muscle weakness due to autoantibodies targeting the neuromuscular junctions. Here authors assign a critical role for platelets in amplifying the pro-inflammatory response in AChR+ immunotherapy-naïve MG (nMG) patients and thus contributing to disease pathology.

Hexopyranose cleavage is a crucial step in carbon metabolism. Here the authors report the discovery and characterization of metalloenzyme Art22, which is involved in the sugar moiety modification of aurantinin B, an antibacterial agent from Bacillus.

Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation is essential for cellular energy production. Here the authors show that mutations in Testis-Expressed Protein 44 (TEX44) are associated with misregulated fatty acid β-oxidation and male infertility.

A sustainable two-step strategy for oxime synthesis in a neutral KHCO₃ medium is reported. Free-state NH₂OH is initially synthesized via nitrite electroreduction over a Ketjen-black-supported iron phthalocyanine catalyst, followed by a chemical aldehyde or ketone oximation using the electrochemically synthesized NH₂OH.

Arginine addiction induced by argininosuccinate synthase (ASSN1) deficiency has been exploited to treat ASS1-deficient cancers. Here, the authors show an alternative therapeutic approach where ASS1 activity is increased by the pesticide spinosyn A and is shown to inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation.

Electrochemical CO_x reduction to multi-carbon products is hindered by low energy efficiency, in part due to sluggish ion transport across charge-selective membranes used in electrolysers. Here the authors use a porous, non-charge-selective separator that enhances ion transport and improves performance for CO electrolysis.

Nasal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus is linked with depression in a human cohort and shown in a mouse model to cause decreased serotonin and dopamine in the brain.

NatD is an acetyltransferase responsible for N-α-terminal acetylation of the histone H4 and H2A and has been linked to cell growth. Here the authors show that NatD-mediated acetylation of histone H4 serine 1 competes with the phosphorylation by CK2α at the same residue thus leading to the upregulation of Slug and tumor progression.

Synthetic biology enables sustainable chemical production. Here, authors develop a modular enzymatic platform to biosynthesize non-natural amino acids with C–S, C–Se, and C–N side chains from renewable substrate glycerol, achieving high efficiency and scalability.

Lu et al. characterize cis-regulatory element dynamics at different stages of colorectal cancer progression and identify a functional variant associated with increased colorectal cancer risk because of selective transcription factor binding.

This study introduces WtCoxG, an efficient genetic analysis method for time-to-event data, which improves statistical power by addressing case ascertainment and leveraging external allele frequency information.

Nitrogen promotes wheat’s recovery after drought stress through the TaSnRK2.10-TaNLP7 module. This breakthrough connects drought-stress signalling with nitrate response pathways, providing a genetic framework for developing climate-resilient crops.

A combination of large-scale phylogenomic analysis, mouse lethality experiments and bacterial growth assays shows that gene loss in the putrescine utilization pathway has enhanced biofilm formation and transmission-related characteristics in the pandemic clone of a bacterial pathogen, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, promoting successive waves of global transmission events.

In this clinical trial, the authors demonstrate that recombinant gE-Fc Fusion Protein Vaccine LZ901 for herpes zoster induces superior cellular immunogenicity and exhibits a better safety profile than HZ/su in adults ≥50 years, supporting its potential as vaccine candidate.

Wang et al. show that pregnane X receptor (PXR), a well-known DNA-binding nuclear receptor, has mRNA stabilization functions when in the cytoplasm, thus unveiling a noncanonical perspective to understand and target PXR as an RNA-binding protein.

Through binding mitochondrial ATP synthase, engineered nanomedicines rejuvenate aged bone stem cells and restore osteogenesis, reversing osteoporosis in mice and offering a potential senolytic therapy for skeletal ageing.

This Review explores how cells sense and respond to mechanical signals across timescales. By integrating mechanosensing at membranes, mechanotransduction in the cytoplasm, and nuclear reprogramming, it reveals a role of temporal dynamics in tissue development and disease.

Cholecystectomy is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer, and the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, the authors show that cholecystectomy-related microbiome and bile acid alterations disrupts the FXR/β-catenin interaction, and ultimately exacerbates colorectal tumorigenesis.

The intrinsic instability of wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells is predominantly attributed to the vacancy defects caused by multiple ion migration. Here, authors incorporate an ether ring supramolecule into perovskites and achieve an efficiency of over 28% for all-perovskite tandem solar cells.

The impact of global change-related stressors on microbial communities is poorly studied. Here, the authors use mesocosm experiments to show that combined environmental stressors such as nutrient and pesticide loading disrupt freshwater viral communities and virus-host interactions even when single stressors do not.

Socioeconomic status is multidimensional and can change over time. Xu, Lui, Ji et al. found dimension-specific, late-stage-specific and change-specific socioeconomic effects on brain, cognition, personality and emotion.

Embryo development is critical to seed development and grain yield in rice. Here, the authors show that mutation of brassinazole-resistance 4 (OsBZR4) cause embryoless phenotype with the possible involvement of auxin signaling and the penetration of the phenotype depending on genetic background and temperature.

A DNA matrix material potentiates humoral response through multiple administration routes, generating neutralizing antibodies and conferring robust protection against infection.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of immune cells in the blood and liver of a human decedent receiving a pig liver xenograft reveals impaired adaptive immunity and monocyte features that may induce T cell exhaustion and contribute to platelet activation.

Here, the authors report a decoupled electrochemical flow microreactor hyphenated mass spectrometry (DEC-FMR-MS) platform for high-throughput reaction screening and intermediate tracking of electrosynthesis.

The implementation of asymmetric Heck/cross coupling cascades of highly flexible haloalkene substrates remains a challenging and long-standing goal. Here the authors report an asymmetric domino Heck/Tsuji−Trost reaction of flexible vinylic halides with 1,3-dienes enabled by palladium catalysis.

Antimicrobial resistance has evolved over decades due to widespread antimicrobial use, with resistance genes now circulating across humans, animals and the environment, creating complex cross-sector connectivity challenges. This Perspective advocates for genomics-based studies of AMR connectivity to enable coordinated global action and investment under the One Health framework.

A comprehensive analysis of the cell-specific molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying post-traumatic stress disorder in the human prefrontal cortex.

Li et al. report layer-by-layer fully thermal evaporated perovskite LEDs using 5-aminovaleric acid as an additive to regulate the crystallisation. Red LEDs with efficiency of 9% and 7.27% are achieved at 670 nm and 730 nm, respectively. The technique is extendable to deposit large-area and patterned perovskite thin films.

The decarbonization of energy systems requires access to minerals that are critical for manufacturing low-carbon technologies. Here researchers show that meeting climate targets could be impeded by material shortages, revealing the importance of diverse solutions that balance mitigation, equity and resource constraints.

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.

Commonly used opioids for pain management primarily target the mu opioid receptor. However, mu opioid receptor agonists often come with harmful side effects. Here, the authors report the results of two phase 3 trials of HSK21542 (anrikefon), a highly selective activator of peripheral kappa opioid receptor agonists, for postoperative pain treatment following abdominal surgery.

Kim et al. report the oxidation of Sn-based perovskites, previously considered as detrimental, can be exploited to suppress the gate leakage current and enhance transistor performance and stability, enabling low-voltage logic operation using perovskite-IGZO junction field-effect transistors.

A method for acetylome profiling requiring a low quantity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) was developed, revealing a significant reduction in H4K77ac in aged HSCs, associated with decreased lymphocyte differentiation potential.

An integrated smart capsule that encapsulates an array of electrochemical sensors can provide real-time, continuous and multiplexed monitoring of the gastrointestinal tract.

Sun et al. identify CFAP100 as a vital player in the regulation of epidermal development and function. Mechanistically, CFAP100 recruits the microtubule glutamylase TTLL13 to ensure spindle pole integrity for proper division of keratinocytes.

Wu et al. shed light on the role of peroxisomal biogenesis factor 14 (PEX14) in peroxisomal protein import. They show that PEX14 condensates recruit the receptor PEX5 loaded with peroxisome-targeting signal 1 (PTS1) clients or PTS2 clients bound to receptor PEX7.

Deubiquitinating enzymes play an essential role in myocardial hypertrophy. Here, the authors show the beneficial effects of a cardiomyocyte-derived deubiquitinating enzyme, USP13, in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes and identify a cardiomyocyte-specific USP13-STAT1 axis in regulating cardiac hypertrophy.

This study reveals an important formation pathway of organic nitrates in ambient aerosols through the multiphase reactions of organic peroxides and nitrite, particularly in polluted urban areas.

Transient R-loops form around DSBs must be timely removed for HR repair. Here, the authors show that SART3 promotes DDX1 helicase binding to DSBs for optimal DNA-RNA hybrid removal, and enhances USP15-BARD1 association for efficient DNA end resection.