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Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have been implicated in anti-PIT-1 hypophysitis, an autoimmune disease, but direct evidence is lacking. Here the authors use induced pluripotent stem cells to generate pituitary organoid and find that CTL-mediating killing is only evident in autologous organoid/CTL co-culture, thereby supporting CTL functions in this disease.

This study presented a noval material derived from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), which was crosslinked with L-glutamic acid to improve the poor stability of PVA in water and modified with surface porosity introduced by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The research primarily focused on elucidating the influence of PEG on the physicochemical properties of the material, which were governed by phase separation and hydrogen bonding interactions with PVA. The presence of porous structures significantly altered the material’s properties and enhanced its adsorption capacity toward copper(II) ions.

Tanaka and colleagues show that an SNX25–Nrf2 pathway in dermal macrophages sets the threshold for pain sensitivity through modulating the production of the neurotrophic factor NGF.

Impaired mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation (mtLCFAO) in type 2 alveolar epithelial (AT2) cells is thought to aggravate alveolar inflammation in acute lung injury. Here, the authors show that the mtLCFAO rate limiting enzyme CPT1a is decreased in AT2 cells in acute respiratory distress syndrome, highlighting the role of mtLCFAO in immunometabolism in this context.

Polymer synthesis and properties Poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) is a biodegradable polymer limited in biomedical uses due to a lack of reactive sites. Researchers developed PTMC-r-PexTMC, a copolymer, to enable chemical modifications. We successfully grafted diol and carboxylic acid groups using thiol-ene click chemistry, enhancing hydrophilicity and thermal stability. Diol-modified copolymers particularly excelled at inhibiting platelet adhesion, highlighting the crucial role of both hydrophilicity and surface charge in biocompatibility for advanced medical applications.

The mechanisms of action of the antibacterial metalloid tellurite are unclear. Here, the authors show that tellurite induces an accumulation of hydroxyl radical and intermediates of heme biosynthesis inE. coli, and that the heme precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid potentiates tellurite toxicity.

Despite their importance in plant development and defence the properties of (1,3)-β-glucan remain largely unknown. Here, the authors find that addition of (1,3)-β-glucans increases the flexibility of cellulose and its resilience to high strain, an effect originating in molecular level interactions.

Photoinduced metal-to-ligand (or ligand-to-metal) charge-transfer (CT) states in metal complexes have been extensively studied, but primarily limited to CT transitions between d- and π-orbitals. Here, CT emission from 4f- to π-orbitals is demonstrated using a trivalent europium complex.

Receptor tyrosine kinase mutations are frequent and associated with poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here the authors show that the antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine reduces AML cells viability by perturbing the intracellular localization of FLT3-ITD and KIT-D816V.

In contrast to flavonols, the functions of plant flavones are largely unknown. Here, the authors report the two differentially evolved glucosyltranferases (flavone 7-O-glucosyltransferase and flavone 5-O-glucosyltransferase) determine natural variation of rice flavone accumulation and UV-tolerance.

ERGIC-53 engages in the ER-to-Golgi transport of secretory and membrane proteins by unknown mechanisms. Here authors report a long flexible tetrameric structure of full-length ERGIC-53 complexed with its functional partner MCFD2 by cryo-EM.

Nanostructured materials made from multimetal alloys are attractive for catalytic applications. Here, the authors propose a soft-templating approach to prepare mesoporous PtPdRhRuCu nanospheres that feature exposed porous structures rich in highly entropic alloy sites.

Various lengths of alkyl chains, like -C₈H₁₇ to -C₂₀H₄₁, were introduced into trimethylene carbonate (TMC) to enhance the physical properties of ester-free poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC). The resulting polymers were studied for their thermal properties, hydrophobicity, and degradation behavior. Solidified PTMC was achieved with alkyl chains longer than -C₁₆H₃₃ and had melting points above room temperature. PTMC derivative with a -C₁₈H₃₇ group side chain showed 91% and 11% degradation after 9 weeks under organic and aqueous condition, respectively, suggesting that the long alkyl chains influenced its hydrophobic nature and degradation behavior.

Assembly and disassembly of RAD51/DMC1 during homologous recombination are tightly regulated. Here, the authors show that the FIGNL1 ATPase limits non-productive assembly of RAD51/DMC1 on single-stranded and double-stranded DNAs during meiosis.

Treatment with the oncolytic herpes virus CAN-3110 is associated with improved survival responses in patients with recurrent glioblastoma, particularly in individuals who are seropositive for HSV1.

Using more than 100 independent iPSC lines derived from patients with Alzheimer’s disease, the authors discovered loci associated with the neuronal production of amyloid β and confirmed their influence using RNA interference.

During embryogenesis, the cytoplasmic protein Myomarker (MYMK) mediates muscle fibre formation by fusion of myoblasts. Here, the authors identify autosomal recessive mutations in MYMK that cause Carey-Fineman-Ziter syndrome in humans, and model the disease variants in zebrafish.

Measurements of the inelastic cross section of anti-³He allow the estimation of the transparency of the Milky Way to the propagation of these light antinuclei produced in either cosmic-ray collisions or annihilation of dark-matter particles.

Although pyrethrum is used to repel insects for centuries, the underlying mechanism has been enigmatic. Liu et al. found that specific components of pyrethrum mediate repellency by targeting olfactory receptors and/or voltage-gated sodium channels in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

The direct measurement of the QCD dead cone in charm quark fragmentation is reported, using iterative declustering of jets tagged with a fully reconstructed charmed hadron.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common pediatric disease leading to spinal deformities. Here, the authors report GWAS followed by genome-wide meta-analysis in up to 79,211 Japanese individuals, identifying 20 genetic loci for AIS, 14 of which were previously unreported, and perform in vitro validation for rs1978060.