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An inherently explainable AI trained on 1,015 expert-annotated prostate tissue images achieved strong Gleason pattern segmentation while providing interpretable outputs and addressing interobserver variability in pathology.

Genome-wide analyses for 7,266 traits leveraging data from several genetic ancestry groups in UK Biobank identify new associations and enhance resources for interpreting risk variants across diverse populations.

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

Artificial intelligence (AI) system is known to improve dermatologists’ diagnostic accuracy for melanoma. This group applies the eye-tracking technology on dermatologists when diagnosing dermoscopic images of melanomas and reports improved balanced diagnostic accuracy when using an X(explainable) AI system comparing to the standard one.

Whole-genome sequencing, transcriptome-wide association and fine-mapping analyses in over 7,000 individuals with critical COVID-19 are used to identify 16 independent variants that are associated with severe illness in COVID-19.

The immune response to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 has been relatively well studied, but less is known about other viral proteins. Here, the authors identify immunopeptides from seven structural and non-structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins presented to the immune system by HLA molecules and confirm T-cell responses against some of them in convalescent individuals.

Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinomas (cHCC-CCA) are challenging to diagnose, as they exhibit features of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICCA). Here, the authors use deep learning to re-classify cHCC-CCA tumours into HCC or ICCA based on histopathology images.

Common polygenic variation at chromosome 16p and rare recurrent deletions of 16p11.2 influencing autism risk are associated with reduced expression of genes throughout the 16p region, suggesting functional convergence of rare and common variant effects.

A cysteine-reactive degrader of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nonstructural protein 14 (nsp14) was identified, which mediates degradation through electrophile-induced global protein ubiquitylation, proteasome activation and the formation of stress granules and aggresomes.

The efficacy of oncolytic adenoviruses is limited by strong immune responses being induced against the oncolytic virus itself. Here, the authors generate a bispecific molecule capable of redirecting the adenovirus-specific antibodies to tumour cells and show this induces immune mediated cancer growth inhibition and enhances the therapeutic efficacy of viral oncolysis.

In this large-scale metagenomics study encompassing 3,483 human host-derived samples from seven body sites, researchers identify 583 unreported single-genome bins and report 314 metagenome-disease as well as 814 biosynthetic gene-disease associations.

We describe recent advances in the understanding of covalency in the f element–other element bond through the synergistic application of computational quantum chemistry with nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray spectroscopies.

Lactate produced by dendritic cells (DCs) suppresses T-cell-mediated autoimmunity through a mechanism in which lactate activates HIF-1α–NDUFA4L2 signalling in DCs and thereby limits DC-mediated pro-inflammatory responses such as the development of encephalitogenic T cells.

The large coding potential of vaccinia virus (VV) vectors is a defining feature. Here the authors present vaccinia virus vector-adapted chemogenetic switches enabling temporal and dose control of viral replication and transgene expression, implementation of complex tunable transgene circuitry, and generation of safer, more efficacious vectors.

Large-scale sequence-based analyses identify novel risk variants and susceptibility genes for Crohn’s disease, and implicate mesenchymal cell-mediated intestinal homeostasis in disease etiology.

COVID-19 can be associated with neurological complications. Here the authors show that markers of brain injury, but not immune markers, are elevated in the blood of patients with COVID-19 both early and months after SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in those with brain dysfunction or neurological diagnoses.

Here authors show that machine learning derives the degree of background retinal pigmentation with more nuance than self-described ethnicity. Retinal pigment scores are associated with genes linked to melanin and may improve algorithmic fairness.

Openshaw and colleagues find myeloid inflammation and complement activation signatures in patients with long COVID who were previously hospitalized.

Biochar promotes plant growth via a slow release of nutrients; however, a mechanistic understanding of nutrient storage in biochar is lacking. Here, using high-resolution spectromicroscopy and mass spectrometry, the authors identify an organic coating on co-composted particles that enhances nutrient retention.

Daniel Jeffares, Jürg Bähler and colleagues report the genome sequences of 161 natural isolates of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, finding moderate genetic diversity and weak global population structure. They also report genome-wide association studies for 223 quantitative traits.

Goel and colleagues show that CDK4/6 inhibition induces global chromatin changes mediated by AP-1 factors, which mediate key biological and clinical effects in breast cancer.

RETFound, a foundation model for retinal images that learns generalizable representations from unlabelled images, is trained on 1.6 million unlabelled images by self-supervised learning and then adapted to disease detection tasks with explicit labels.

IL-33 has well-described roles in type 2 immune responses; however, the scope of its functions are rapidly widening. Martin and Martin review the latest knowledge on IL-33 as an alarmin, intracellular molecule and cytokine.

An assay to measure the latent HIV-1 reservoir that separately quantifies intact and defective proviruses will facilitate evaluation of HIV-1 cure strategies by measuring the provirues that pose a barrier to cure.

Feature-based molecular networking allows the generation of molecular networks for mass spectrometry data that can recognize isomers, incorporate relative quantification and integrate ion mobility data.

Bicher, Zuba et al. consolidate the output of three epidemiological models to perform weekly forecasts of COVID-19 cases and required hospital beds. The predictions are more accurate than the individual models and enable planning of health care and COVID-19 interventions by national decision-makers.

Melanie Bahlo and colleagues report a genome-wide association study on the retinal degenerative disease Macular Telangiectasia Type 2, identifying 8 new genome-wide significant loci. Further analyses suggest key roles for genes that transport and synthesize the amino acids serine, glycine and alanine, providing a more accurate genomic tool for identifying people at risk of the disease.