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Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Typical quantum error correcting codes assign fixed roles to the underlying physical qubits. Now the performance benefits of alternative, dynamic error correction schemes have been demonstrated on a superconducting quantum processor.

Ti-, Zr- and Nb-based MXenes with Cl, Br or mixed terminations can be synthesized by a bottom-up, atom-economic route directly from metals and molecular organohalides. The reactivity of organohalide precursors can be controlled to enable direct synthesis of MXene nanostructures that exhibit enhanced surface reactivity compared with conventional micrometre-scale MXenes.

This study shows that non-invasive ultrasound to the human nucleus accumbens can modulate deep brain activity and enhance reward-guided learning, offering a potential alternative to invasive neuromodulation therapies.

Experimental measurements of high-order out-of-time-order correlators on a superconducting quantum processor show that these correlators remain highly sensitive to the quantum many-body dynamics in quantum computers at long timescales.

Decoded quantum interferometry is a quantum algorithm that uses the quantum Fourier transform to reduce optimization problems to decoding problems.

Analysis of the blood DNA virome in patients with COVID-19 and autoimmune disease associates endogenous HHV-6 (eHHV-6) and high anellovirus load with increased disease risk, most notably for systemic lupus erythematosus. eHHV-6 carriers show a distinct immune response.

Garnet-type LLZO electrolytes are considered among the most promising solid-state electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries; however, numerous challenges need to be addressed before they are integrated into a cell. By precipitating amorphous zirconium oxide onto grain boundaries, increased ionic conductivity is observed and dendrite growth is suppressed.

In this study, the authors present magnetoelectric nanodiscs that enable minimally invasive, remote magnetic neuromodulation with subsecond precision to drive reward and motor behaviours in genetically intact mice.

Here, Isaacs, Nieto and Zhang et al. discover a potent nanobody and engineer a dual-action antibody that targets two viral proteins, offering strong protection against Nipah and Hendra viruses while preventing viral escape, potentially contributing to future treatments.

Recently, an orbital Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) state was predicted and identified in thin flakes of the transition metal dichalcogenide superconductor 2H-NbSe₂. Here, the authors present experimental evidence of the formation of this orbital FFLO state in bulk 2H-NbSe₂ samples.

Physical realizations of qubits are often vulnerable to leakage errors, where the system ends up outside the basis used to store quantum information. A leakage removal protocol can suppress the impact of leakage on quantum error-correcting codes.

Ancient DNA reveals how the explosive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists began with a small community north of the Black Sea speaking ancestral Indo-European, and detects genetic links with Anatolian speakers, stemming from a common Indo-Anatolian homeland in the North Caucasus–lower Volga region.

Cyclopentadienyl ligands are central to organometallic lanthanide chemistry as their electron-donating ability enables fine-tuning for various applications including catalysis, luminescent materials, and single molecule magnets. Here, the authors report the synthesis and characterization of the lanthanide complexes featuring η⁵-coordinating heterocyclic stibolyl and bismolyl ligands.

Singlet fission is an important process occurring in solar cells, however the mechanism is not well understood. Here the authors reveal intermediates during singlet fission of a non-conjugated pentacene dimer, developing a single kinetic model to describe the data over seven temporal orders of magnitude at room and cryogenic temperatures.

Manioglu et al use high-resolution atomic force microscopy to resolve how polymyxins interact with the bacterial membrane. Polymyxins arrange the bacterial lipids into regular hexagonal structures that stiffen the membrane and lead to rupture.

Inhibition of haem synthesis is shown to lead to the accumulation of branched-chain amino acids in the brown adipose tissue of mice, which reduces UCP1 levels and impairs thermogenesis.

Shilatifard and colleagues demonstrate gain-of-function mutations in ASXL1 that drive BAP1 stabilization and widespread epigenetic changes in myeloid neoplasms, and develop a chemical inhibitor with therapeutic potential for ASXL1-altered leukemia.

Two below-threshold surface code memories on superconducting processors markedly reduce logical error rates, achieving high efficiency and real-time decoding, indicating potential for practical large-scale fault-tolerant quantum algorithms.

Mass cytometry can be used to scale up multiplexed serology testing, as shown for the simultaneous detection of antibody levels against multiple SARS-CoV-2 proteins in hundreds of serum samples.

The thousands of nuclear spins surrounding gallium arsenide quantum dots can interface with electron spin qubits and photons. With quantum engineering, this nuclear spin ensemble becomes a robust register for quantum information storage.

Studies on Patient H.M. showed that bilateral resection of the hippocampus results in impaired consolidation of long-term memory. Annese et al.create a digital map of Henry Molaison’s brain and find that a significant portion of the posterior hippocampus is actually histologically intact.

Levantine Phoenicians made little genetic contribution to Punic settlements in the central and western Mediterranean between the sixth and second centuries bce; instead, the Punic people derived most of their ancestry from a genetic profile similar to that of Sicily and the Aegean, with notable contributions from North Africa as well.

A genome-wide association study highlights a variant in DOCK2, which is common in East Asian populations but rare in Europeans, as a host genetic risk factor for severe COVID-19.

This study reveals that population aging intensifies heat- and cold-related deaths, more so than climate change, in 50 countries. At 1.53 °C global warming, aging contributes to rising heat-related deaths, offsetting declines in cold related death.

SARS-CoV-2 constantly evolves but the roles of resulting mutations are not always clear. In this study, the authors report that ORF8 knockout confers a fitness advantage to SARS-CoV-2 using genomic surveillance data, highlighting how different types of adaptations across the SARS-CoV-2 genome can drive variant fitness.

Penetrance of variants in monogenic disease and clinical utility of common polygenic variation has not been well explored on a large-scale. Here, the authors use exome sequencing data from 77,184 individuals to generate penetrance estimates and assess the utility of polygenic variation in risk prediction of monogenic variants.

The results of the phase 1/2 LIBRETTO-001 clinical trial has recently established the efficacy of the RET inhibitor selpercatinib in RET-driven cancers. Here, the authors characterize the molecular determinants of response and resistance in 72 LIBRETTO-001 lung and thyroid cancer patients treated at a single site.

The safety and efficacy of ribonucleoproteins for genome editing can be enhanced by formulations of lipid nanoparticles optimized for enhanced stability, delivery efficiency and editing potency of the protein complexes.

To characterize molecular changes during cell type transitions, the authors develop a method to simultaneously measure protein expression and thermal stability changes. They apply this approach to study differences between human pluripotent stem cells, their progenies, parental and allogeneic cells.

Noah Zaitlen, Alkes Price and colleagues report a new approach to estimate the narrow-sense heritability of complex traits from unrelated individuals in a recently admixed population. They apply this approach to estimate the heritability for 13 quantitative or case-control phenotypes in 21,497 African-American individuals and suggest the inflation of family-based h² estimates.

Composite mutations, of two or more nonsynonymous somatic mutations in the same cancer-associated gene, are present in nearly one in four human tumours.

To overcome limitations of previous genome-wide association studies of coronary artery disease, this study incorporates a cohort of individuals containing large fractions of Black and Hispanic individuals to provide a wider view of the genetic landscape of this disease.

Clonally diverse and activated memory CD4⁺ T cells at baseline are associated with the development of severe immune-related adverse events, irrespective of the affected organ system, in patients with melanoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Although interfacial proton-coupled electron transfers are critical reaction steps in chemical and biological processes, studies investigating these reactions are complicated by surface heterogeneity. Now, interfacial proton-coupled electron transfer kinetics are studied and modelled at isolated, well-defined active sites to provide a foundation for understanding complex reactions involved in energy conversion and catalysis.

This study reports a motif of local field potentials that maps onto the anatomical layers of the cortex, is preserved across macaque cortical areas and across primates and may represent a ubiquitous layer-based and frequency-based cortical mechanism.

N6-methyladenine is involved in many biological pathways for microbial survival and host interaction. Here the authors train a neural network for improved m⁶A detection in nanopore sequencing data and validate methylomes for a microbial reference community.

Wide-ranging estimates of the social cost of carbon limit its usefulness in setting carbon prices. Near-term to net zero is an alternative modelling approach that focuses on the prices, combined with other policies, needed to set an economy on a pathway consistent with a net-zero emissions target.

Hierarchical structural materials combine organic and inorganic components to withstand mechanical impact but the nanomechanics that govern the superior properties are not well investigated. Here, the authors observe nanoscale recovery of heavily deformed nacre that restores its mechanical strength using high-resolution electron microscopy.

An improved, fully re-annotated Aedes aegypti genome assembly (AaegL5) provides insights into the sex-determining M locus, chemosensory systems that help mosquitoes to hunt humans and loci involved in insecticide resistance and will help to generate intervention strategies to fight this deadly disease vector.

Di Giammartino, Kloetgen, Polyzos, Liu et al. probe chromatin organization, enhancer status and transcriptional changes and show that KLF4 acts as a transcriptional regulator and chromatin organizer during induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming and in pluripotent stem cells.

Deep learning algorithms perform as well as humans in identifying cells in tissue images.

A phase I clinical trial of an adjuvant personalized mRNA neoantigen vaccine, autogene cevumeran, in patients with pancreatic ductal carcinoma demonstrates that the vaccine can induce T cell activity that may correlate with delayed recurrence of disease.