A formalin-inactivated vaccine from the 1960s against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) failed to protect children. Although scientists thought that its failure resulted from formalin disruption of protective antigens, it is now shown that it resulted from low antibody avidity for protective epitopes after poor Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation. RSV vaccines could therefore become effective by including TLR agonists in their formulation (pages 21–22).
- Maria Florencia Delgado
- Silvina Coviello
- Fernando P Polack
