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Fine-mapping of causal variants and integration of epigenetic and chromatin conformation data identify likely target genes for 150 breast cancer risk regions.

Two doses of the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 boost antibody responses and functions in phase 1/2 trial participants.

Long noncoding RNA molecules are RNA transcripts long thought to remain untranslated. In this study, the authors demonstrate that certain lncRNA can be translated into peptides that are immunogenic to CD8⁺ T cells and promote anti-tumour responses when delivered as vaccine vectors in mice.

Cell segmentation is crucial in many image analysis pipelines. This analysis compares many tools on a multimodal cell segmentation benchmark. A Transformer-based model performed best in terms of performance and general applicability.

This Review provides an overview of progress and future directions in the development of nasally administered vaccines for respiratory infections.

In this study, Marshall et al. studied early immune responses in the lung and blood after an aerosol infection with BCG. Understanding which cells respond to this infection can help us understand how to design new tuberculosis vaccines.

An overview of the effects of vaccines on global morbidity and mortality, vaccine safety issues, and the hurdles involved in proceeding from vaccine discovery to successful implementation.

Ludewig and colleagues show that adenovirus immunization fosters the formation of pulmonary immune-stimulating niches underpinned by fibroblastic stromal cells that maintain ‘inflating’ memory CD8⁺ T cells through the provision of interleukin-33.

Breast cancer risk for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers varies depending on other genetic factors. Here, the authors perform a case-only genome-wide association study and highlight novel loci associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers.

Immunological memory is the ability of an animal to make a second, more effective, immune response to an antigen that has been encountered previously. In this Review, Professor Beverley discusses how T-cell memory is generated and maintained, and highlights the heterogeneity of T-cell memory populations in terms of their kinetics, homing and function.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging global health issue, but currently no licensed vaccine achieves lasting protective immunity. Here the authors show that a ZIKV vaccine containing the envelop protein without the transmembrane domain and the precursor membrane protein can provide effective protection in mouse models.

Dyskinesia is a treatment-limiting side effect of dopaminergic replacement therapies in Parkinson's disease. Here Jenner discusses what we know about the molecular causes of dyskinesia induction and expression, highlighting recent findings that suggest that altered glutamatergic transmission might be important.

Understanding the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is dependent on being able to distinguish COVID-19 immune responses from cross-reactive immune responses to other coronaviruses. Here the authors show that choice of antigens and whether an ICS, ELISPOT or T cell proliferation assay is used has a major effect on this discriminatory ability.

Questions have arisen as to whether patients with severe COVID-19 disease can generate a T cell response against SARS-CoV-2. Tao Dong and colleagues report that convalescent patients with COVID-19 harbor functional memory CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells that recognize multiple epitopes that span the viral proteome. CD4⁺ T cells predominated the memory response in patients with severe disease, whereas higher proportions of CD8⁺ T cells were found in patients with mild disease.

The hippocampus in mammalian brain varies in size across individuals. Here, Hibar and colleagues perform a genome-wide association meta-analysis to find six genetic loci with significant association to hippocampus volume.

Emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 raise concerns about vaccine efficiency. Here, the authors present a post-hoc analysis for the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine trial in Brazil and provide efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 caused by the Zeta (P.2) and other variants.

Gilean McVean and colleagues report the results of a large-scale clinical genome sequencing project spanning a broad spectrum of disorders. They identify factors influencing successful genetic diagnosis and highlight the challenges of interpreting findings for genetically heterogeneous disorders.

Crystal structures of a localization element of ASH1 mRNA alone, in complex with its nuclear shuttling protein She2p, and in the cytoplasmic complex with She2p and She3p reveal a step-wise maturation pathway.

Hepcidin controls systemic iron levels by inhibiting intestinal iron absorption and iron recycling. Here, Pasricha et al. demonstrate that the hepcidin-chromatin locus displays HDAC3-mediated reversible epigenetic modifications during both erythropoiesis and iron deficiency.

Due to the focus of vaccination on the SARS CoV-2 spike protein, spike has been associated with high levels of viral mutation and subsequent immune escape. Here the authors study a conserved epitope in SARS CoV-2 sub-domain-1 and characterise the neutralising antibody response and evasion in contemporary SARS COV-2 viral strains.

Many emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants partially escape the humoral immune response. Here, Liu et al. characterize 28 antibodies from BA.4/5 breakthrough infections and find attrition of neutralization and complete loss of function for variants with Spike mutations at positions 455 and 456.

In a GWAS study of 32,438 adults, the authors discovered five novel loci for intracranial volume and confirmed two known signals. Variants for intracranial volume were also related to childhood and adult cognitive function and to Parkinson's disease, and enriched near genes involved in growth pathways, including PI3K-AKT signaling.

Most known ferroelectric photovoltaic materials have very wide electronic bandgaps (that is, they absorb only high-energy photons) but here a family of perovskite oxides is described that have tunable bandgaps, allowing their use across the whole visible-light spectrum.

Artemisinin-resistantPlasmodium is an increasing problem. Here, using a medicinal chemistry programme, the authors identify a tetraoxane-based drug candidate that shows no cross-resistance with an artemisinin-resistant strain (PfK13-C580Y) and is efficient in Plasmodiummouse models.

Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). This study examines ∼2,000 clinical isolates of S. Typhi to show highly structured/geographically restricted genomes except rapidly disseminating H58 subclade, and design a genotyping framework for tracking the disease.

The engagement of immunological memory is a key component to the protective anti-SARS-CoV-2 B and T cell responses. Here the authors assess the B and T cells of a cohort of UK healthcare workers in response to infection and longitudinally track the compartment showing distinct trajectories following early priming.

The widespread presence of somatic PIWI-interacting RNAs targeting transposable elements across the arthropod phylum suggests that this pathway was active in the last common ancestor of arthropods.

To avoid potential damage to the host, an inflammatory response is rapidly mobilized on detection of intracellular signals that are released from dying cells. Much has been learned about these 'danger' signals, but several key issues remain unresolved, as discussed by the authors.

Simultaneous electrophysiological recordings are obtained from multiple brain regions using Neuropixels probes. The procedure covers the implantation of a headframe, the targeted positioning of probes and their insertion through a perforated imaging window.

The TOLEDO study provides new evidence to support the use of subcutaneous apomorphine infusion to control motor fluctuations in patients with advanced Parkinson disease. The findings should encourage neurologists to consider implementing apomorphine infusion or other device-aided therapies earlier in the disease course, before the emergence of troublesome dyskinesias.

This Review discusses the evidence for pre-existing cross-reactive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, which are mainly due to infections with common cold coronaviruses, and how such cross-reactivity affects adaptive immune responses. Furthermore, it explores cross-reactivity in the context of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and its implications for vaccine development.

In the light of the introduction of conjugate vaccines againstHaemophilus influenzaetype B and group C meningococcal and pneumococcal diseases over the past two decades, this Science & Society article discusses the ways in which long-term protection against these encapsulated bacteria might best be maintained at a population level.

A single dose of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine elicits antibodies and cytokine-producing T cells that might help control or prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.