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Authors used targeted long-read sequencing to facilitate the discovery of rare and novel HBV RNAs in the infected liver. They identified differential promoter activity with potential implications for drug resistance and cancer.

Around 1 in 136 pregnancies is lost due to a pathogenic small sequence variant genotype in the fetus.

Discharge in lithium–air batteries can be triggered by using solvents or salts that dissolve LiO₂ intermediate. Adding DBBQ to a weakly solvating electrolyte solution can help O₂ reduction to Li₂O₂ in solution and enhance electrochemical performance.

Myocardial infarction accelerates atherosclerosis through activation of the sympathetic nervous system, and the consequent release of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.

Proteins often function by changing conformations upon ligand binding. Efficient structural modelling of these interactions, crucial for drug discovery, is limited: here the authors address this with DynamicBind, a diffusion-based deep generative model.

Cross-protective responses across all strains of influenza virus (IAV, IBV and ICV) are a key goal of universal vaccines against influenza. Kedzierska and colleagues identify cytotoxic T cells present in blood and lungs of healthy people that are directed against all strains of influenza virus.

Markov, Ren, Senkow and colleagues report that in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, alveolar T cell interferon responses targeting structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins characterized patients who recovered, whereas responses against nonstructural proteins and activation of NF-κB were associated with poor outcomes.

Immunoglobulin (Ig) rearrangement and translocation information are usually obtained by targeted sequencing of the respective loci. Here, the authors present the IgCaller algorithm, which extracts Ig heavy and light chain genetic properties from short-read whole-genome sequencing results to provide a feasible alternative to direct sequencing.

The Li–O₂ cell performance is largely limited by the insulating and insoluble nature of Li₂O₂. Here the authors report that dual mediators decouple the electrochemical reactions at the cathode from the formation and decomposition of Li₂O₂ from solutions, helping stabilize the carbon cathode.

GATA-binding protein 4 (GATA4) is reported to control cell proliferation in cancers. Here the authors show that GATA4’s pro-inflammatory secretome promotes the recruitment of immune cells such as CD8 + T cells to suppress tumour initiation and growth in a non-cell autonomous manner.

In this genomic epidemiology study from Ghana, the authors sequence ~1,000 SARS-CoV-2 whole genomes from March 2020 to September 2021. They describe changes in the predominant circulating lineages over time and infer how variants of concern were likely introduced into the country.

Michael Talkowski and colleagues analyze balanced chromosomal abnormalities in 273 individuals by whole-genome sequencing. Their findings suggest that sequence-level resolution improves prediction of clinical outcomes for balanced rearrangements and provides insight into pathogenic mechanisms such as altered gene regulation due to changes in chromosome topology.

Chromatin accessibility, gene expression and protein levels are measured in the same single cell.

Structural variations in crop genomes are thought to be responsible for significant differences in phenotype and they can be well-represented by a ‘pan-genome’. Here, Lu et al.develop an approach to genetically map pan-genome sequence anchors using 14,129 inbred lines of maize, showing structural variation is a significant source of adaptive variation.

The Tyrolean Iceman is 5,300 years old and his mitochondrial genome has been previously sequenced. This study reports the full genome sequence of the Iceman and reveals that he probably had brown eyes, was at risk for coronary disease and may have been infected with the pathogen Lyme borreliosis.

Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants raise concerns on immune evasion. Here, the authors evaluate the neutralization efficiency of COVID-19 mRNA vaccinee sera against representative viruses of 13 WHO-designated SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern/interest.

Infection by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the most common cause of acute endocarditis, a destructive and progressive condition of heart valves. Here, Peter Panizzi and his colleagues have developed a targeted, noninvasive fluorescence or positron emission technology imaging strategy that uses an engineered analog of prothrombin that can detect S. aureus in vivo in the endocarditic vegetations that form as a result of bacterial colonization.

The genome of the grey short-tailed opossum Monodelphis domestica has been sequenced and analyzed, giving a first peek at a marsupial's genetic code. Of particular interest are the genetics of the immune system, which has been studied as a model for humans, and of the X chromosome for historical reasons.

A novel gene expression classifier of AML heterogeneity captures patient-specific variation in leukemia cell composition and predicts clinical responses to treatment.

To address the question of whether a recurrent tumour is genetically similar to the tumour at diagnosis, the evolution of medulloblastoma has been studied in both an in vivo mouse model of clinical tumour therapy as well as in humans with recurrent disease; targeted tumour therapies are usually based on targets present in the tumour at diagnosis but the results from this study indicate that post-treatment recurring tumours (compared with the tumour at diagnosis) have undergone substantial clonal divergence of the initial dominant tumour clone.

A druggable genome CRISPR-Cas9 screen followed by functional validation in preclinical lung cancer models uncovers Slc33a1 as a Keap1-mutant-specific targetable dependency.

Lucilia cuprina is a parasitic blowfly of major economic importance worldwide that feeds on the tissues of animals such as sheep. Here, the authors sequence the genome of L. cuprinaand provide insights into the fly’s molecular biology, interactions with the host animal and insecticide resistance.

Centrosome clustering allows survival of cells with amplified centrosomes at the cost of chromosome instability. Here, Chavali et al. show that the centrosome component CEP215 collaborates with the kinesin motor HSET both to maintain spindle poles connections and to cluster centrosomes.

A full genome sequence is presented of sugar beet Beta vulgaris, the first plant belonging to Caryophyllales to have its genome sequenced; spinach was sequenced to enable inter-clade comparisons, and intraspecific variation was analysed by comparative genomics of a progenitor of all beet crops and additional sugar beet accessions.

Somatic hypermutation of antibodies can occur in infants but are difficult to track. Here the authors present a new method called MIDCIRS for deep quantitative repertoire sequencing with few cells, and show infants as young as 3 months can expand antibody lineage complexity in response to malaria infection.

How desirable and inevitable are large heterogeneous, distributed computer networks? In this article Professor Kirstein, whose group at University College London operates one node of the large international ARPA network, describes the motivation for setting up such networks and the problems which must be resolved before they are deployed more widely. Those problems are often more political and sociological than technical.

A dual-view light sheet microscope allows high-speed imaging with an isotropic spatial resolution

Eggerthella lenta is a prominent human gut bacterium implicated in several physiological processes, but its study has remained limited. Here, by developing a genetic toolbox for E. lenta, the authors provide insights into how the bacterium regulates drug and dietary compound metabolism.

The Cancer Genome Atlas reports on molecular evaluation of 295 primary gastric adenocarcinomas and proposes a new classification of gastric cancers into 4 subtypes, which should help with clinical assessment and trials of targeted therapies.

NanoSeq is used to detect mutations in single DNA molecules and analyses show that mutational processes that are independent of cell division are important contributors to somatic mutagenesis.

Williamson and colleagues demonstrate that mRNA-decapping enzyme Dcp2 is phosphorylated by mTORC1, leading to degradation of Atg mRNA and suppression of autophagy, influencing immunity and inflammation.

Nucleic acid processing by the cytoplasmic exonuclease TREX1 and cytosine editing by APOBEC3B drive chromothripsis and kataegis during telomere crisis.