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The rich ethnolinguistic and sociocultural differences that exist in India offers a unique opportunity to study human diversity. With the whole genomes of 10,000 healthy and unrelated Indians from 83 populations, the GenomeIndia project captures the genetic diversity of one of the highly underrepresented populations in the global genomics landscape.

Direct utilization of CO₂ is important in organic synthesis but purification of CO₂ gas expensive and energy intensive. Here the authors described a straightforward synthetic route for the synthesis of γ-lactams, a pivotal core structure of bioactive molecules, by using impure CO₂ stream as the carbon source.

Tissue-preserving focal therapies that target individual cancer lesions rather than the whole prostate have emerged as potential interventions for localized prostate cancer. In this article, the Prostate Cancer RCT Consensus Group recommends the development of a cohort-embedded randomized controlled trial methodology to evaluate focal therapy use in men with clinically significant localized disease. The importance for a randomized controlled trial design to provide cost-efficient practice-changing data is highlighted.

Hepatitis E is common in developing countries, and occasional cases of this disease have been identified in developed countries. The currently available diagnostic tests have undergone limited testing and often yield discordant results. In this article, Rakesh Aggarwal reviews the information on diagnosis of hepatitis E, including past and current diagnostic tests.

Some infants develop broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to HIV in a shorter time frame than adults, but the reasons aren’t well understood. Here, the authors study a cohort of 51 HIV-1 clade C perinatally infected infants of Indian origin and find that multivariant infection is associated with bnAbs in elite neutralizers.

Semiconductor nanowires are promising candidates for the realization of novel transistor concepts. Here, the authors demonstrate that electron mobility in strained coaxial nanowire heterostructures can be higher than in the corresponding bulk crystals.

The authors report the mutational landscape of 29 cell types from microdissected biopsies from 19 organs and explore the mechanisms underlying mutation rates in normal tissues.

In a prespecified interim analysis of a pivotal phase 2 trial, tisagenlecleucel, an autologous CD19-targeting CAR-T cell therapy, produced a high rate of complete responses with a manageable safety profile in adults with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma

Pressure from proliferating cells impedes transport of therapeutic drugs into tumours.

High-resolution subnational mapping of child growth failure indicators for 105 low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 shows that, despite considerable progress, substantial geographical inequalities still exist in some countries.

Detecting the vibrations of individual molecules directly in the mid-infrared regime is hindered by thermal noise. Here researchers bypass conventional detectors and upconvert the mid-infrared photons into visible light using molecular bonds, yielding an optical readout for single-molecule vibrational spectroscopy.

Here, the authors perform statistical measurements on hundreds of plasmonic nano-cavities embedding WSe₂ monolayers, and show the activation of anti-Stokes photoluminescence in WSe₂ through resonant excitation of a dark exciton at room temperature.

A human–SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map highlights cellular processes that are hijacked by the virus and that can be targeted by existing drugs, including inhibitors of mRNA translation and predicted regulators of the sigma receptors.

Label-free imaging of the endogenous pigment lipofuscin at near-infrared and shortwave-infrared wavelengths enables the longitudinal monitoring of liver injury in mice and in biopsied human livers.

Loss of PIK3R1 in ovarian cancer is a common event, which provides opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Here, the authors show that the STAT3 and AKT signaling pathways are activated upon PIK3R1 loss and that, in mice, inhibitors of these pathways could block tumorigenesis.

p85β (PIK3R2), a regulatory subunit of PI3K, has oncogenic properties. Here the authors show that p85β promotes AXL protein stability, which in turn activates p110 to induce PDK1/SGK3 signaling, and therapeutically, p85β-expressing ovarian cancer cells are sensitive to AXL inhibition.

Inter-organellar contacts are hubs for several critical cellular processes, such as lipid synthesis. Here Ganji et al. show that the p97-UBXD8 complex modulates contacts by regulating membrane lipid composition and saturation.

In mammals, hypoxia causes dilation of small arteries for increased metabolic demand. Keller et al used novel transgenic mice to show alpha hemoglobin in endothelium, once thought only in red blood cells, can regulate hypoxic-mediated dilation.

A graph-based pan-genome constructed using de novo genome assemblies of ten pearl millet accessions adapted to different climates worldwide identifies structural variations and their contribution to heat tolerance in pearl millet.

Functionalized InAs quantum dots emitting in the short-wavelength infrared spectral region enable functional biomedical imaging at unprecedentedly high spatial resolution, deep penetration and fast acquisition speeds.

Magneto-fluorescent nanoparticles hold promise for bioimaging applications, but synthesizing uniform particles with tunable sizes remains challenging. Chen et al. propose an approach for co-assembling magnetic particles with fluorescent quantum dots, leading to well-defined core-shell structures.

Three methods for releasing solid stress in tumours provide two–dimensional mappings, sensitive estimates and in situ quantification of stress-induced tumour deformations — and thus stored elastic energy — via ultrasonography or optical microscopy.

Magneto-electric nanoparticles may facilitate the low-energy and dissipation-free field-triggered release of drugs across the blood–brain barrier. Here, the authors demonstrate the a.c. field-triggered release of anti-HIV drugs and confirm the in vitrodrug integrity after release.

Boranes are archetypal Lewis acids owing to an empty p-orbital on the boron, although Lewis basic tricoordinate boranes have been developed too. Here, the authors report an annulated 1,4,2,5-diazadiborinine derivative with boron atoms that exhibit both Lewis acidic and basic properties.

Despite exciting progress in the biology underlying a variety of proposed molecular medicines, an unmet challenge Remains—delivery. This problem, how to better target the new generation of therapeutics, cuts across all diseases. The solution offers unprecedented opportunities for multidisciplinary teams of bioengineers to work with biological and medical scientists to realize the fruits of our nation's investment in molecular and cellular medicine.

Allosteric small-molecule inhibitors of the p53-induced oncogenic phosphatase Wip1 bind at a ‘flap’ subdomain near the catalytic site. Inhibitor GSK2830371 inhibits the phosphatase and oncogenic activities in cell lines and a xenograft tumor model.

A phase 2 randomized controlled trial of ustekinumab in 72 adolescents with recent-onset type 1 diabetes showed that treatment was well tolerated and β-cell function was 49% higher in the intervention group compared to the placebo arm after 12 months.

Water transport through graphene oxide membranes (GOMs) is thought to originate from frictionless movement through graphene-based channels. Here authors study the effects of cation intercalation and show flux in GOMs is governed by interactions between water molecules and impurities on channel walls.

Heterogeneous catalysts coupled with non-thermal plasma are known to achieve higher reaction yields, but disentangling the gain achieved by the individual components remains challenging. Here, NO is produced from N₂ and O₂ in a plasma-catalytic reactor at conditions at which neither catalyst nor plasma alone is productive, providing unambiguous evidence of plasma-catalyst synergy.

The molecular characterisation of germ cell tumours (GCT) is necessary to understand their development and histological diversification. Here, the authors use whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing of GCTs across distinct histologies to reveal their somatic evolution and clonal diversification, as well as identify several putative biomarkers for treatment stratification.

Single-nucleus and spatial, whole-transcriptome profiling of 43 pancreatic adenocarcinomas provides a refined molecular and cellular classification, highlighting a new neoadjuvant treatment-associated neural-like progenitor tumor cell state.

Atomic systems show enhancement of index of refraction and its extension to optical system can be useful for all-optical switching. Here the authors demonstrate coherently controlled plasmon-induced enhancement of index of refraction in L-shaped metasurface.

In an analysis of severe dengue cases in a cohort of children in India, more than half could be attributed to primary rather than secondary infection, suggesting that primary dengue infections might also contribute substantially to severe disease burden.