Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) are generally immunogenic, but only a subset of patients receiving currently approved immune-checkpoint inhibitors have long-term disease remission. In this Review, the authors provide a conceptual framework for developing novel immunotherapy approaches, including an overview of the most promising novel immune checkpoints and antigen-directed therapies, and highlighting the potential of these agents to further improve the outcomes in patients with RCC.
- David A. Braun
- Ziad Bakouny
- Toni K. Choueiri
