Gastrointestinal hormones are known to have an important role in the regulation of appetite and energy balance in obese individuals. In this Review, the authors consider several gastrointestinal hormones that have a role in modulation of the gut–brain axis and contribute to obesity, and examine their specific effects on appetite, hunger and energy balance.
- Royce P Vincent
- Hutan Ashrafian
- Carel W le Roux
