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This Commission aims to resolve the current dialysis policy challenges in Thailand and generate lessons for the global kidney community by drawing on empirical evidence, systems thinking and multidisciplinary expertise to generate policy goals and recommendations.

How the brain supports speaking and listening during conversation of its natural form remains poorly understood. Here, by combining intracranial EEG recordings with Natural Language Processing, the authors show broadly distributed frontotemporal neural signals that encode context-dependent linguistic information during both speaking and listening..

The authors developed a microfluidic device, FIND-Chip, designed to automate and enhance oocyte recovery from follicular fluid, a process traditionally done manually. When used in clinical settings, the device recovered additional oocytes missed during manual screening, substantially increasing the number of viable oocytes available for in vitro fertilization.

Luppi et al. identify transcriptomic and connectomic controllers of information integration and its breakdown induced by anaesthesia in humans, macaques, marmosets and mice.

A new platform comprising large-scale 2D arrays of quantum dots patterned with sub-nanometre precision, with each quantum dot defined by tens of phosphorus atoms doped into silicon, allows for analogue simulation of quantum materials on arbitrary lattices.

By combining satellite observations with ground-based data and expert validation, this analysis demonstrates considerable misestimation of grassland extent and thereby carbon stock estimates in previous global assessments based on remote sensing.

An algorithm that combines deep learning, Bayesian optimization and computer vision techniques can be used to autonomously tune a semiconductor spin qubit from a grounded device to Rabi oscillations.

Snow droughts are periods of unusually low snowpack driven by warming winters and reduced snowfall in regions that rely on snow. This study shows that the frequency of snow drought events increased by 5.3–6.7% per decade from 1960 to 2020 in global winter wheat croplands, and that winter wheat yield sensitivity to snow droughts has intensified in 25% of Northern Hemisphere croplands.

A newly assembled Steller’s sea cow genome suggests that this marine mammal had low levels of genetic diversity and began to go extinct along the North Pacific coastline much earlier than when the first Paleolithic humans arrived in the Bering sea region.

The STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory demonstrates evidence of spin correlations in \(\Lambda \bar{\Lambda }\) hyperon pairs inherited from virtual spin-correlated strange quark–antiquark pairs during QCD confinement.

Genomic analyses of DNA from modern individuals show that, about 800 years ago, pre-European contact occurred between Polynesian individuals and Native American individuals from near present-day Colombia, while remote Pacific islands were still being settled.

The Ocean Equity Index provides a systematic, twelve-criteria framework to assess and improve equity in ocean initiatives, projects and policies, producing structured data that guide evidence-based decisions and support more equitable outcomes for coastal communities and ecosystems.

This study of magic-angle twisted trilayer graphene moiré superconductors using scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy identifies two energy gaps that develop from many-body resonance in this highly tunable class of materials.

How white matter develops along the length of major tracts in humans remains unknown. Here, the authors identify fundamental patterns of human white matter development along distinct axes that reflect brain organization.

Genome-wide association meta-analysis identifies 58 independent risk loci for major anxiety disorders among individuals of European ancestry and implicates GABAergic signaling as a potential mechanism underlying genetic risk for these disorders.

Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) allow visualisation of fast action potentials in neurons but most are bright at rest and dimmer during an action potential. Here, the authors engineer electrochromic FRET GEVIs with fast, bright and positive-going fluorescence signals for in vivo imaging.

Genetic predictors of health outcomes often drop in accuracy when applied to people dissimilar to participants of large genetic studies. Here, the authors investigate the root causes and highlight open questions underlying this problem.

A WHO-supported pre−post study shows that implementation of the Y-Check comprehensive health check program is feasible and acceptable for adolescents in Zimbabwe, offering screening for 25 health conditions and behaviors, health promotion, on-site care and referral.

Centennial-scale variations in methane carbon isotope ratios are attributed to changes in pyrogenic and biogenic sources that can be correlated with anthropogenic activities, such as varying levels of biomass burning during the period of the Roman empire and the Han dynasty, and changes in natural climate variability.

Generating high-quality training data for machine learning is costly. Here, authors include sequence-to-function modeling in benchmarking of custom and commercial droplet-based scATAC platforms, and release a new Drosophila embryo atlas along with a new mouse cortex atlas, assessed for model interpretability.

DNA damage stalls RNA polymerase II and halts gene expression. Here, the authors reveal how cells clear stalled polymerase by two hierarchical pathways, in which CSB/CRL4^CSA -triggered ubiquitylation enables rapid TFIIH-driven removal, and with VCP-mediated extraction acting as a backup when this fails.

Stem-cell-derived islet cells could transform type 1 diabetes by removing the need for injected or infused insulin and improving quality of life. But evaluation of these therapies must center on the voices of people living with type 1 diabetes and examine meaningful outcomes.

In an arm of an ongoing multicenter phase 2 trial testing different therapies in patients with genetically profiled grade 2 or 3 meningiomas, treatment with an oral CDK4/6 inhibitor met the primary endpoint for progression-free survival at 6 months in patients with CDK or NF2 alterations.

The authors survey community palaeontological databases, documenting their contributions to science as well as their vulnerabilities, and provide recommendations for the future of open science databases.

Pathogenic variants in KIF1A give rise to KIF1A-associated neurodegenerative disorder (KAND). Here, the authors use antisense oligonucleotides targeting common polymorphisms to knock down pathogenic KIF1A expression in patient-derived stem cells.

A specialized, open-source, retrieval-augmented language model is introduced for answering scientific queries and synthesizing literature, the responses of which are shown to be preferred by human evaluations over expert-written answers.

This scoping review examines previous experience in performing silent evaluations of clinical AI applications, collecting evidence from 75 studies on implementation features and the sociotechnical context.

Much investment goes into improving police-community interactions, yet trust in police remains low. Here, the authors show that community members report feeling less threat and more trust when officers use transparency statements to start interactions.

Fermionic currents of opposing chirality can be spatially filtered without the need for a magnetic field using the quantum geometry of topological bands in single-crystal PdGa.

As a result of unsupportive sanitation environments, women may cope by suppressing urges to urinate and defecate or by not eating food and/or drinking water. Among urban women in Uganda and India, nearly all women surveyed reported suppressing urination and defecation urges. Withholding food and water was less common. Perceived privacy, safety and health influenced these coping behaviours.

When doubly-degenerate band crossings known as Kramers nodal lines intersect the Fermi level, they form exotic three-dimensional Fermi surfaces composed of massless Dirac fermions. Here, the authors present evidence that the 3R polytypes of TaS₂ and NbS₂ are Kramers nodal line metals with open octdong and spindle-torus Fermi surfaces, respectively.

Artificial intelligence (AI) can greatly improve healthcare delivery and outcomes, but potential embedded biases can affect fairness in clinical deployment. Here, the authors develop a simulation-based approach to explore which formalisations of AI algorithmic fairness translate into long-term outcome fairness, with a focus on breast cancer.

Reliably probing rejuvenation and memory effects in spin glasses by means of simulations is difficult. Now, a state-of-the-art numerical study shows that at least three different length scales play a crucial role in aging dynamics of spin glasses.

Brain activity in regions traditionally linked to social cognition in primates also supports analogous computational demands in non-social contexts. In this Perspective, Mahmoodi and Rushworth examine the computations required to navigate the social lives of human and non-human primates, arguing how shared neural mechanisms carrying out similar computations in non-social contexts indicate computational rather than contextual specialization in the ‘social brain’.

Exposure to twelve widely used preservative food additives are associated with a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes in the French NutriNet-Santé cohort of 108,723 adults, supporting recommendations to favour fresh and minimally processed foods

TCR-engineered T cells have shown limited efficacy in part due to the absence of co-stimulation leading to limited accumulation in solid tumors. The authors here show engineering the CD8β coreceptor with an intracellular CD28 domain enhances cytokine production, persistence, and tumor control in vivo independent of tumor-associated co-stimulatory ligand encounter.

Poor persistence limits the efficacy of cellular immunotherapies. Three studies now show how the quiescence factor BACH2 can be exploited to improve the therapeutic potential of T cell immunotherapy.

Diffusion models are reframed by developing a generative blood cell classifier that performs reliably in low-data regimes, adapts to domain shifts, detects anomalies with robustness and provides uncertainty estimates that surpass clinical expert benchmarks.

Multidrug efflux pumps help bacteria survive stress and promote antibiotic resistance. Here, authors define the molecular detail of an anaerobic-connected pump MdtF uncovering acid-responsive activity which may enable toxin control in certain niches.

Liu and colleagues demonstrate that biomimetic fractal patterns derived from glomerular histology can enhance the maturation of podocytes (highly differentiated glomerular cells) that are grown in culture. This work presents a bioengineered platform for improved cell culture fidelity.

This study projects the private costs and monetized climate and health damages of electrifying long-haul heavy-duty diesel trucks. Battery electric trucks yield net positive societal benefits by 2035, contingent on policies that accelerate adoption.

Royer and colleagues find a principal dimension of neural dynamic similarity dissociating unimodal and association cortices. Systematic variations in local and macroscale constraints across the cortex also followed this pattern.

ImmunoMatch is a machine-learning framework that learns from heavy and light immunoglobulin chains to predict cognate sequence pairings.

This study reveals how atmospheric warming drives glacier instabilities by analyzing multi-decadal in-situ measurements in the High Arctic. Using borehole seismology, it shows that surface melt promotes crevasse opening and sliding.

Nonlinear optical processes involving both vibrational and electronic transitions provide valid tools to resolve vibronic coupling in molecules. Here, the authors demonstrate double-resonance three-photon excitations enabling enantio-selective vibronic coupling and modulation of upconverted emission in a chiral medium.

This research quantifies hospital admissions in Shanghai for mental and behavioral disorders linked to humid heat, projecting a 68.2% increase by the 2090s under high greenhouse gas emissions and emphasizing the importance of mitigation strategies to reduce future morbidity burdens.

The mechanisms generating the head direction cell signal in rats are not fully understood. Here, two distinct types of head direction cells in the lateral mammillary and dorsal tegmental nuclei were identified: one type is angular head velocity independent, while the second type depends on the animal’s angular head velocity.