The placebo effect is partly the result of positive expectations of the recipient on the state of health. Conversely, a nocebo effect is when negative expectations from a substance lead to poor treatment outcomes and/or adverse events. In this Review, the authors describe and discuss the placebo and nocebo effects in selected benign urological diseases.
- Hadi Mostafaei
- Sandra Jilch
- Sakineh Hajebrahimi
