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Vestibular schwannomas that are caused by genetic mutations in the NF2 gene are hard to treat and lead to hearing loss. Here authors show in a mouse model that faithfully represents the human condition that combination therapy with anti-PD-1 and anti-VEGF inhibits tumor growth via normalizing the tumor vasculature and enhances T and NK cell antitumor cytotoxicity via upregulation of NKG2D.

Snow droughts are periods of unusually low snowpack driven by warming winters and reduced snowfall in regions that rely on snow. This study shows that the frequency of snow drought events increased by 5.3–6.7% per decade from 1960 to 2020 in global winter wheat croplands, and that winter wheat yield sensitivity to snow droughts has intensified in 25% of Northern Hemisphere croplands.

Melting ice and associated sea-level change will expose new land in Antarctica. Here the authors quantify this change and combine it with our understanding of known Antarctic mineral occurrences, showing that substantial mineral deposits may become accessible over the next few centuries in Antarctica.

This study utilized a longitudinal cohort of adolescents to identify distinct brain signatures linked to ADHD symptom trajectories, revealing that specific cortical and subcortical changes correlate with symptom persistence, remission and emergence, enhancing predictive capabilities for ADHD outcomes.

This study presents a clinical-grade autonomous pipeline combining high-resolution whole-slide tomography, edge computing and artificial intelligence, achieving high accuracy in cervical cytology and enabling scalable and objective diagnostics.

In patients with immunotherapy-resistant, HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HPV- HNSCC), cetuximab (EGFR inhibitor) is the standard of care but success is limited. Here, the authors report the results of their phase II trial investigating dalpicilib (CDK4/6 inhibitor) and cetuximab in patients with immunotherapy resistant HPV- HNSCC.

HIV-1 integrase forms an RNA-binding module on the luminal side of the mature capsid lattice.

Native state proteomics of PV interneurons revealed unique molecular features of high translational and metabolic activity, and enrichment of Alzheimer’s risk genes. Early amyloid pathology exerted unique effects on mitochondria, mTOR signaling and neurotransmission in PV neurons.

Freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity are declining quickly. By integrating global environmental, socioeconomic, and biological data, this study identifies the key conditions associated with imperilment of freshwater fishes.

Activity in human dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN)—the main source of serotonin to the human forebrain—signals changes in behavioural policy that are shaped by the distribution of rewards in the environment.

Langstein-Skora, Schmid, Huth et al. propose that intrinsically disordered region functionality can be driven by the interplay between linear binding motifs and contextual chemical characteristics such as charge and hydrophobicity.

Immunopeptidomics identify CD4⁺ T cell epitopes from the conserved bacterial Hup protein that confer protection against multiple bacterial infections in mice suggesting potential for development of broader-spectrum vaccines against staphylococci and streptococci.

In a phase 1 trial, personalized mRNA vaccines tailored to individual tumour mutations in triple-negative breast cancer induced robust, long-lasting T cell responses and improved prognosis.

Ranek et al. developed a computational method that analyzes proteomic imaging and detects differentially enriched cellular niches, including low-prevalence niches. They applied this tool to inform therapy response in triple-negative breast cancer.

People constantly decide whether to stop what they are doing to do something else. Here, the authors show that the quality of available options has a greater influence on people’s decisions to help others than to help themselves.

Testi and colleagues introduce an enhanced Brillouin Microscope for user-independent and high-precision mechanical measurements. Using this approach, the authors obtained insight into the biophysical properties of protein condensates involved in severe neurodegenerative diseases.

Producing valuable hydrocarbons electrochemically from carbon monoxide (CO) is an energy-efficient pathway, but reliance on costly pure CO as a feedstock limits its economic viability. This article shows that abundant CO-rich syngas can be directly used to synthesize ethylene.

Biogenic–anthropogenic interactions increase the formation and prevalence of secondary organic aerosol coatings on urban black carbon in Nanjing, China. These coatings amplify radiative effects, according to a model–data analysis for 2023.

Exposure to inflammation drives hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) aging, limiting their self-renewal capacity and differentiation. Here, the authors explore the mechanistic link between inflammation and HSC aging. Using mouse models, they identify the innate immune RNA sensor MDA5 as a key mediator of HSC aging and show that MDA5 loss ameliorates the aging phenotype by improving proteostasis in aged HSCs.

This study reveals a hierarchical development of the brain’s structural connectome from infancy to childhood, characterized by distinct sensorimotor-association trajectories and alignment with multiple neurobiological hierarchies.

How microglia regulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive and affective behavior remains poorly understood. Here, the authors show that TGF-β-deficient microglia increase adult neurogenesis in the subgranular zone and alter anxiety-like behavior in mice.

An outbreak of MPXV in sooty mangabeys in Côte d’Ivoire was linked to MPXV-infected fire-footed rope squirrels, providing direct evidence of interspecies transmission and indicating risk for zoonotic transmission of MPXV from both hosts.

The authors find that distinct radial glia subtypes generate and support midbrain dopaminergic neurons, revealing specialized function and lineage relationships among the diverse cell types that shape dopamine neuron development.

Nanochannel-confined polymerization enables polymer curing inside nanometre-scale two-dimensional channels. This strategy produces selective, mechanically robust, densely packed membranes and reveals how nanoconfinement reshapes polymer structure and membrane transport pathways, opening a general route to engineer functional materials by controlling chemistry in nanoscale pores.

Salinity gradients can be converted into electrical energy via charge-selective membranes. Here the authors report a nanofluidic system based on stalactite nanopore membranes functionalized with charged lipid bilayers for osmotic energy harvesting with enhanced ion transport and charge separation efficiency.

Microscopic imaging and biochemical studies show that sinuses in mouse and human form a highly dynamic surface that regulates fluid movement and immune cell surveillance via RAMP1-dependent regulation of smooth muscle contraction and RAMP2-dependent regulation of the sinus endothelial barrier.

Conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1) can boost the precursor exhausted T cell population thought to be essential for efficacy of immune checkpoint therapy. Here the authors enhance this cellular network using Flt3L to expand cDC1s and then map the movement of T cells and DCs between tumors and lymph nodes.

Donahue et al. show that ageing is associated with changes in ER morphology. ER-phagy drives age-associated ER remodelling through tissue-specific factors.

In a randomized controlled study involving 1,298 participants from a general sample, performance of humans when assisted by a large language model (LLM) was sensibly inferior to that of the LLM alone when assessing ten medical scenarios leading to disease identification and recommendations for treatment.

The Ocean Equity Index provides a systematic, twelve-criteria framework to assess and improve equity in ocean initiatives, projects and policies, producing structured data that guide evidence-based decisions and support more equitable outcomes for coastal communities and ecosystems.

Short-lived halogens have a substantial indirect cooling effect on climate and this cooling effect has increased since pre-industrial times owing to anthropogenic amplification of natural halogen emissions.

A follow-up analysis of a clinical trial that evaluated anti-PD-1 therapy in patients with cancer who are living with HIV provides mechanistic insights into transcriptomic, cellular and cytokine changes related to immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment and identifies a signature associated with clinical response.

The isolation of catenated nitrogen compounds is difficult, in part because these chains can readily lose nitrogen, creating a strong thermodynamic push towards decomposition. Now, a series of molecules containing radical anions of four-atom nitrogen chains have been synthesized and studied under ambient conditions; the chain can cleave into N1 and N3 fragments, and can act as a source of nitrene radical anion.

Mouse models demonstrate that vagal sensory neurons transmit signals from lung adenocarcinoma to the brain, increasing sympathetic efferent activity in the tumour microenvironment and thereby creating a immunologically permissive environment for tumour growth.

Although antiretroviral therapies (ART) have expanded the life expectancy of patients with HIV, they are not curative due to the presence of latently infected cells. Here, the authors present IMC-M113V, a bispecific soluble TCR targeting the HIV peptide Gag_77-85 complexed to HLA-A*02:01 as an approach for targeting HIV reservoirs and test safety, tolerability and pharmacodynamics in a first-in-human clinical trial on 12 HLA-A*02:01-positive male individuals on ART.

Proteomic data from natural isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae provide insight into how these cells tolerate aneuploidy (an imbalance in the number of chromosomes), and reveal differences between lab-engineered aneuploids and diverse natural yeasts.

Functional interrogation of the intracellular checkpoint CISH sheds light on its superior role in boosting anti-tumor T cell responses compared to other emerging targets across diverse cancer types.

Understanding collective behaviour is an important aspect of managing the pandemic response. Here the authors show in a large global study that participants that reported identifying more strongly with their nation reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies in the context of the pandemic.

At single-cell resolution, Tarkhov et al. delineate stochastic and co-regulated components of epigenetic aging, revealing a simultaneous loss of regulation at the epigenetic and transcriptional levels in aging.

The authors use data from over 100,000 children (3–5.5 years old) across 551 Chinese cities, to show that risk of suspected neurodevelopmental delay increases under both prenatal and postnatal heat exposure. Steep increases at high temperatures highlight future potential vulnerability increases.

Nitrogen isotope tree-ring chronologies show that rising atmospheric CO₂ has reduced nitrogen availability in boreal forests in Sweden, suggesting that elevated atmospheric CO₂ is causing oligotrophication in boreal forests.

N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) is an N⁴‐acetylcytidine (ac⁴C) writer, which catalyzes RNA acetylation at cytidine N⁴ position on RNAs. Here, the authors show that NAT10 catalyzes ac⁴C addition to a long non-coding RNA encoded by the oncogenic DNA virus Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), triggering viral lytic reactivation from latency, which promotes NAT10 recruitment of IFI16 mRNA, resulting in inflammasome activation.

This research identifies two neural factors linked to externalizing and internalizing symptoms through a longitudinal imaging-genetic cohort. Distinct neural configurations and cognitive-behavioral relevance highlight the need for tailored therapeutic strategies addressing psychiatric comorbidity across developmental stages.

Cryo-electron microscopy structures of nucleotide excision repair complexes reveal the roles of the constituent proteins XPA, XPB, XPC, XPD, XPF, XPG and RPA in DNA bubble formation and excision of the lesion strand.

This study uncovers genetic links between plant roots and their microbiome in Brassica napus, identifying microbe-associated loci and a beneficial bacterium, Sphingopyxis, that promotes nitrogen uptake.

PCNA–PAF15 has a key role in determining replisome dynamics during genome replication and protecting against genome instability.

Bright electron bunches power particle physics and photon science. Here, reproducible bunches were generated in a plasma with simultaneous high charge per unit energy and low emittance, advancing a scheme to produce ultra-bright bunches in future.

WIN332 is an HIV-1 Env protein designed to elicit a new class of Asn332-glycan-independent antibodies (type II) to the V3-glycan site of Env. WIN332 immunization rapidly induces type-II V3-glycan antibodies with low inhibitory activity indicative of a neutralization activity in macaques.

From 2014–2017, marine heatwaves caused global mass coral bleaching, where the corals lose their symbiotic algae. The authors find, this event exceeded the severity of all prior global bleaching events in recorded history, with approximately half the world’s reefs bleaching and 15% experiencing substantial mortality.