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Editorial summary: Understanding non-equilibrium dynamics in materials is hindered by the difficulty of collecting and analyzing experimental data. Here, authors develop an machine learning framework for categorizing and tracking dynamics using time-resolved XPCS.

Rapid diagnosis and implementation of treatments is crucial in many genetic conditions. Here the authors describe Genome-to-Treatment, a virtual disease management system that can achieve a rapid diagnosis by expedited whole genome sequencing in 13.5 hours and provide guidance to clinicians for possible therapies.

Here the authors provide the biospecimen collection methodology from the SpaceX Inspiration4 mission, including venous blood, capillary blood, saliva, urine, stool, skin biopsy, body swab, and environmental swab samples.

mRNA-1273, an mRNA vaccine that encodes a stabilized prefusion-state severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein, elicits robust immune responses and protects mice against replication of SARS-CoV-2 in the upper and lower airways.

The interface between the Li metal electrode and inorganic solid electrolyte is crucial for developing reliable all-solid-state Li batteries. Here, the authors show that the Li plating current density distinctly affects the chemistry and morphology of interphase components formed at the interface.

Ecosystem services provided by dung beetles are an underappreciated component of terrestrial ecosystems. Here, the authors report a standardized distributed experiment which shows that dung removal rate, a key ecosystem process in pastures, is greater under high beetle functional diversity regardless of grazing intensity.

Multiple sclerosis is a heterogeneous progressive disease. Here, the authors use an unsupervised machine learning algorithm to determine multiple sclerosis subtypes, progression, and response to potential therapeutic treatments based on neuroimaging data.

A new analysis of patients newly diagnosed with diabetes uses a data dimenionality reduction approach to understand how phenotypic variation drives diseaese onset, clinical outcomes and responses to glycemic-lowering medications.

The development of robust materials for electrochemical CO₂ conversion requires identification of the activation and deactivation phase after prolonged operation. Here, the authors present a multiscale in situ X-ray scattering methodology to probe the life and death of copper oxide electrocatalysts.

We present James Webb Space Telescope observations that detect the 3.3 μm polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon feature in a galaxy observed less than 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang.

Here, Marcado-Evans et al show that gestational diabetes enhances group B Streptococcus infection through altering host-microbe dynamics, disrupting maternal immunity, and perturbing the vaginal microbiota in a murine pregnancy model.

Adaptive control to improve performance after making mistakes in a given task is known to involve prediction error signaling in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The current study examines adaptive control in humans and rats by using comparable time-estimation tasks for each organism, and the authors show that low-frequency oscillations within the ACC in humans and the medial frontal cortex (MFC) in rats are correlated with adaptive behavioral control. They also show that these frontal oscillations are phase locked to the oscillation in the motor regions in the brain and that inactivation of the MFC in rats can disrupt both behavioral control and oscillatory coupling.

Liver metastases reduce clinical and preclinical immune-checkpoint inhibitor efficacy through hepatic siphoning of circulating activated CD8⁺ T cells, but therapeutic benefit can be improved by combining immunotherapy with liver-directed radiotherapy.

Results from the LAVENDER phase 3 study demonstrate that trofinetide, a synthetic analog of glycine–proline–glutamate, provides significant therapeutic benefits in the core symptoms of Rett syndrome

A lack of entrepreneurial behaviour has often been identified as a contributor to the decline in the research and development (R&D) productivity of the pharmaceutical industry. Douglas and colleagues present an assessment of entrepreneurship in the industry, based on interviews with 26 former and current leaders of R&D departments at pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, highlighting factors that could be important in promoting entrepreneurial behaviour and revitalizing R&D productivity.

Cassava, a staple crop consumed by 800 million people, is enriched in iron and zinc through genetic biofortification.

UDP-glucuronic acid is a component of the extracellular matrix. Here, the authors report biallelic variants in the gene encoding UDP-Glucose 6-Dehydrogenase (UGDH) in individuals affected by developmental epileptic encephalopathies that impair UGDH stability, oligomerization, or enzymatic activity in vitro.

Two side-by-side papers report that the transcription elongation factor ELOF1 drives transcription-coupled repair and prevents replication stress.

Ten years after the discovery of the Higgs boson, the ATLAS  experiment at CERN probes its kinematic properties with a significantly larger dataset from 2015–2018 and provides further insights on its interaction with other known particles.

An mRNA vaccine platform to prevent HIV-1 infection generated broadly neutralizing antibodies in non-human primates and protected some animals from infection, raising hope that optimization of this approach might lead to an effective HIV vaccine.

Nature Biotechnology's readers select some of biotech's most remarkable and influential personalities from the past 10 years.

The authors summarize the data produced by phase III of the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project, a resource for better understanding of the human and mouse genomes.

MicroRNAs are increasingly recognized as important regulators of experience-dependent plasticity in the brain. Cristino et al.show that miR-932 targets actin mRNA in trained honeybees, and that loss of miR-932 impairs long-term memory formation.

tRNAs are linked with their cognate amino acid by aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (ARS). Here, the authors report a developmental encephalopathy associated with biallelic VARS variants (valyl-tRNA synthetase) that lead to loss of function, as determined by several in vitro assays and a vars knockout zebrafish model.

The main limitation to the areal storage density of hard disk drives (HDDs) is the thickness of carbon overcoats protecting the disk media. Here, <2-nm-thick graphene overcoats with improved corrosion, wear and irradiation resistance are shown to meet the requirements for the realization of 4–10 Tb/in² HDDs with heat assisted magnetic recording.

Geisbert and colleagues report that African green monkeys infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus develop disease symptoms that closely resemble those seen in infected humans, making this animal model a useful surrogate to investigate immune responses to coronavirus infection.

This study has developed the first small molecule NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE) inhibitor, which induces cancer cell death and exerts anti-tumour activity in preclinical mouse models. This work establishes NAE as an anti-cancer target and may lead to new anti-cancer therapeutics.

During segmentation of neurons in electron microscopy datasets, auxiliary learning via the prediction of local shape descriptors increases efficiency, which is important for the processing of datasets of ever-increasing size.

In patients with locally advanced resectable oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the risk of recurrence and metastasis following treatment is high. Here, a phase I clinical trial reports safety and pathological response of neoadjuvant camrelizumab and apatinib in patients with locally advanced resectable OSCC.

Ashlee Earl and colleagues analyze whole-genome sequences from 5,310 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from five continents. They find that resistance to isoniazid arises before rifampicin resistance across all of the lineages, geographical regions and time periods.

The emergence of resistant Plasmodiumstrains fuels the search for new antimalarials. Here, the authors present a new class of potent antimalarial compounds, the triaminopyrimidines, that display low toxicity and long half-life in animal models.

The rich ethnolinguistic and sociocultural differences that exist in India offers a unique opportunity to study human diversity. With the whole genomes of 10,000 healthy and unrelated Indians from 83 populations, the GenomeIndia project captures the genetic diversity of one of the highly underrepresented populations in the global genomics landscape.

Time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering (TR-SAXS) is crucial for real-time monitoring of soft matter kinetics, offering nanometer-to-micrometer structural insights and revealing complex kinetic pathways and mechanisms. This review highlights its power in understanding block copolymer self-assembly kinetics in solution, covering micelle formation driven by non-covalent interactions, polyelectrolyte complex micelles via electrostatic interactions, and polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA).

The authors show that dopamine receptor 1 (D1)-expressing neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of mice show increased activity in response to food intake. Using optogenetic stimulation and inhibition, they show that mPFC D1 neuron projections to the medial basolateral amygdala can increase or decrease food intake, respectively.