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Autoimmune encephalitis

In this Primer, de Bruijin et al. discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management and quality of life of adults with autoimmune encephalitis, a rare neurological condition that causes progressive inflammation of the brain. The authors also discuss unmet needs of the field and discuss strategies to improve long-term outcomes.

Marienke A. A. M. de Bruijn
Frank Leypoldt
Maarten J. Titulaer
Reviews11 Sept 2025
Nature Reviews Disease Primers

Volume: 11, P: 1-19
Para-infectious brain injury in COVID-19 persists at follow-up despite attenuated cytokine and autoantibody responses

COVID-19 can be associated with neurological complications. Here the authors show that markers of brain injury, but not immune markers, are elevated in the blood of patients with COVID-19 both early and months after SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in those with brain dysfunction or neurological diagnoses.

Benedict D. Michael
Cordelia Dunai
David K. Menon
ResearchOpen Access22 Dec 2023
Nature Communications

Volume: 14, P: 1-15
The B cell immunobiology that underlies CNS autoantibody-mediated diseases

A distinct set of CNS diseases are caused by autoantibodies to neuroglial surface proteins, and immunotherapy has limited ability to control these conditions in the long term. In this Review, the authors discuss in detail the B cell biology that underlies these diseases and consider the therapeutic implications.

Bo Sun
Melanie Ramberger
Sarosh R. Irani
Reviews28 Jul 2020
Nature Reviews Neurology

Volume: 16, P: 481-492
The role of the human hippocampus in decision-making under uncertainty

This study examines individuals with autoimmune limbic encephalitis, a condition that impairs the hippocampus, to understand how they evaluate rewards and efforts in uncertain scenarios compared to healthy controls. The findings reveal that while patients with autoimmune limbic encephalitis retain their sensitivity to uncertainty, their capability to assess rewards and efforts is notably diminished when uncertainty is a factor.

Bahaaeddin Attaallah
Pierre Petitet
Masud Husain
ResearchOpen Access29 Apr 2024
Nature Human Behaviour

Volume: 8, P: 1366-1382
Author Correction: Para-infectious brain injury in COVID-19 persists at follow-up despite attenuated cytokine and autoantibody responses

Benedict D. Michael
Cordelia Dunai
David K. Menon
Amendments and CorrectionsOpen Access04 Apr 2024
Nature Communications

Volume: 15, P: 1
Screening for pathogenic neuronal autoantibodies in serum and CSF of patients with first-episode psychosis

Jakob Theorell
Melanie Ramberger
Sarosh R. Irani
ResearchOpen Access05 Nov 2021
Translational Psychiatry

Volume: 11, P: 1-7
Posthospitalization COVID-19 cognitive deficits at 1 year are global and associated with elevated brain injury markers and gray matter volume reduction

A national prospective study of patients requiring hospitalization for COVID-19 demonstrates global cognitive deficits at 1 year, associated with elevated brain injury markers and reduced gray matter volume.

Greta K. Wood
Brendan F. Sargent
E. Charles Leek
ResearchOpen Access23 Sept 2024
Nature Medicine

Volume: 31, P: 245-257
The role of thymic tolerance in CNS autoimmune disease

In this Review, Handel and colleagues examine the contribution of thymic T cell selection to CNS autoimmune conditions and consider how a better understanding of this contribution could lead to novel therapeutic strategies for these conditions.

Adam E. Handel
Sarosh R. Irani
Georg A. Holländer
Reviews19 Nov 2018
Nature Reviews Neurology

Volume: 14, P: 723-734
Origins and immunopathogenesis of autoimmune central nervous system disorders

This article reviews key pathogenic mechanisms underlying the development of CNS autoimmunity, focusing on the role of autoantibodies that target neuronal and/or glial cell-surface antigens. The authors consider novel therapeutic approaches based on knowledge of the immunopathogenesis of autoimmune CNS disorders.

Sudarshini Ramanathan
Fabienne Brilot
Russell C. Dale
Reviews14 Feb 2023
Nature Reviews Neurology

Volume: 19, P: 172-190
Clinical, cognitive and neuroanatomical associations of serum NMDAR autoantibodies in people at clinical high risk for psychosis

Thomas A. Pollak
Matthew J. Kempton
Philip McGuire
ResearchOpen Access19 Oct 2020
Molecular Psychiatry

Volume: 26, P: 2590-2604
Patients with neurological or psychiatric complications of COVID-19 have worse long-term functional outcomes: COVID-CNS—A multicentre case–control study

Rajish S. K. Shil
Adam Seed
Hannah Stark
ResearchOpen Access27 Jan 2025
Scientific Reports

Volume: 15, P: 1-14

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