Many clinically relevant pathogens enter the body through mucosal surfaces, yet conventional parenteral immunization is insufficient to elicit robust mucosal immunity. This Review examines the unique anatomical and immunological features of the mucosal surfaces of the body and how this knowledge can be used to develop protective mucosal vaccines.
- Dong-il Kwon
- Sachin H. Bhagchandani
- Akiko Iwasaki
