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Extracting light from silicon is a longstanding challenge. Here, the authors report an experimental demonstration of free-electron-driven light emission from silicon nanogratings and investigates the feasibility of a compact, all-silicon tunable light source integrated with a silicon field emitter array.

Our understanding of subglacial lake drainage events is limited by a lack of direct observations. Here, the authors use ground penetrating radar to identify a relict subglacial lake and infer drainage mechanisms based on geomorphological features.

Whole-genome sequencing, transcriptome-wide association and fine-mapping analyses in over 7,000 individuals with critical COVID-19 are used to identify 16 independent variants that are associated with severe illness in COVID-19.

Laparoscopy is important in the treatment of children undergoing renal surgery and for the management of nonpalpable testes. Despite this, laparoscopy is still underutilized in the treatment of urologic disorders in children, compared to adult patients. This Review discusses the most common urologic indications for laparoscopy in pediatric patients and highlights problems that are specific to this patient group.

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

Three recent papers have demonstrated the existence of ‘ferroelectric’ ice, in which some of the dipolar water molecules are aligned. The evidence came from experiments with normal ice, either grown on a substrate or doped with impurities, and although it resolves the debate about whether such ice exists, it reopens the thermodynamic question of whether nature prefers order at low temperatures.

Polyamide-12 is the main polymer employed to produce 3D objects by laser sintering constraining the functionality of the items produced. Here, the authors report a clean and scalable approach for the functionalization of polyamide-12 particles, yielding materials that can be printed using commercial apparatus.

Biexciton complexes in atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides have unusually large binding energies. Here, the authors explore biexciton formation dynamics in monolayer MoSe₂ in the presence of magnetic fields up to 25 T.

We evaluated the use of chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells targeting GD2 (GD2-CART) for H3K27M⁺ diffuse midline glioma (DMG), finding that intravenous administration of GD2-CART, followed by intracranial infusions, induced tumour regressions and neurological improvements in patients with H3K27M-mutant pontine or spinal DMG.

Phylogenomic analysis of 7,923 angiosperm species using a standardized set of 353 nuclear genes produced an angiosperm tree of life dated with 200 fossil calibrations, providing key insights into evolutionary relationships and diversification.

The COVID 19 pandemic and consequent lockdown has had a substantial impact on mobility and therefore fuel demand and it is not clear when demand will recover. Ou et al. use a machine learning model that integrates health recovery scenarios to project the near-term future of gasoline demand.

An analysis of 24,202 critical cases of COVID-19 identifies potentially druggable targets in inflammatory signalling (JAK1), monocyte–macrophage activation and endothelial permeability (PDE4A), immunometabolism (SLC2A5 and AK5), and host factors required for viral entry and replication (TMPRSS2 and RAB2A).

In the phase 2 study LCCC1520 (NCT02690558), clinical activity of pembrolizumab in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin as neoadjuvant therapy in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer has been reported. Here the authors present molecular and immune cellular features associated with response to neoadjuvant chemo-immunotherapy.

T cell activation is a process that requires extra nutrients, which could be difficult to source from the tumor microenvironment in competition with tumor cells. Here authors increase the metabolic fitness of CAR-T cells by stable overexpression of the glucose transporter GLUT1, which allows them to increase their glucose intake and enhances their antitumour function.

Two below-threshold surface code memories on superconducting processors markedly reduce logical error rates, achieving high efficiency and real-time decoding, indicating potential for practical large-scale fault-tolerant quantum algorithms.

Physical realizations of qubits are often vulnerable to leakage errors, where the system ends up outside the basis used to store quantum information. A leakage removal protocol can suppress the impact of leakage on quantum error-correcting codes.

Investigation of variation in three cohorts has identified multiple genetic signals associated with the pregnancy-specific liver disorder, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, giving insight into the disease which can cause preterm birth and stillbirth.

A Bayesian method, called MAGICAL, that contrasts single cell multiomics data across conditions to accurately discover differences in gene regulatory circuits at cell type resolution is applied to specific host-based diagnosis of bacterial sepsis.

A global dataset of the satellite-tracked movements of pelagic sharks and fishing fleets show that sharks—and, in particular, commercially important species—have limited spatial refuge from fishing effort.

Changes in precipitation extremes are occurring under climate change, but how they will manifest on sub-daily timescales is uncertain. This study used a high-resolution model, typically used for weather forecasting, to simulate hourly rainfall in the UK in the year 2100. The results confirmed previous findings of winter rainfall intensification and found that short-duration rainfall intensified in summer, increasing the risk of flash flooding.

Extreme daily precipitation is thought to increase with warming at a rate of 6.5% per K. High-resolution simulations for the southern UK show this scaling for present conditions, but above 22 °C this scaling fails owing to changes in dynamics.

Whole-genome sequencing and phenotype data sharing are introduced in a national health system to streamline diagnosis and to discover coding and non-coding variants that cause rare diseases.

Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have been investigated as a potential treatment for Covid-19 in several clinical trials. Here the authors report a meta-analysis of published and unpublished trials, and show that treatment with hydroxychloroquine for patients with Covid-19 was associated with increased mortality, and there was no benefit from chloroquine.

Longitudinal population-based surveillance identifies shifts in HIV transmission patterns related to age and sex, suggesting that HIV programmes to increase HIV suppression in men are crucial to reduce incidence in women.

Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum are the pathogenic agents that cause the tropical disease schistosomiasis. Here, and in an accompanying paper, the genomes of these two flatworms are sequenced and analysed. The results provide insights into the molecular architecture and host interactions of the flatworms, as well as avenues for future development of targeted interventions for schistosomiasis.

In geographic atrophy, a type of macular degeneration, retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells die. This paper finds that DICER1, which processes miRNA precursors, is reduced in RPE from individuals with geographic atrophy. Cell death is not due to loss of miRNA processing, however; rather, the absence of DICER1 allows accumulation of pathological Alu repeat sequence RNAs. This work reveals a novel function of Dicer in degrading Alu RNAs.

It is believed that mutations in desmosomal adhesion complex protein plakophilin 2 (PKP2) cause arrhythmia due to loss of cell-cell communication. Here the authors show that PKP2 controls the expression of proteins involved in calcium cycling in adult mouse hearts, and that lack of PKP2 can cause arrhythmia in a structurally normal heart.

This report from the 1000 Genomes Project describes the genomes of 1,092 individuals from 14 human populations, providing a resource for common and low-frequency variant analysis in individuals from diverse populations; hundreds of rare non-coding variants at conserved sites, such as motif-disrupting changes in transcription-factor-binding sites, can be found in each individual.

In a multicenter research program coordinated by the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium, Spielmann et al. analyze the cardiac function and structure in ~4,000 monogenic mutant mice and identify 705 mouse genes involved in cardiac function, 75% of which have not been previously linked to cardiac heritable disease in humans. Using the UK Biobank human data, the authors validate the link between cardiovascular disease and some of the newly identified genes to illustrate the resource value and potential of their mutant mouse collection.

Cortical thickness is asymmetric, and cortical thinning occurs with age and in disease. Here the authors investigate if both cortices thin at the same rate or if the thicker hemisphere declines faster in aging and in Alzheimer’s disease.

Despite the identification of genetic risk loci for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD), the genetic architecture and prediction remains unclear. Here, the authors use genetic risk scores for prediction of LOAD across three datasets and show evidence suggesting oligogenic variant architecture for this disease.

A randomized trial in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 showed no benefit and potentially increased harm associated with the use of convalescent plasma, with subgroup analyses suggesting that the antibody profile in donor plasma is critical in determining clinical outcomes.