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Spatial transcriptomic studies and lineage tracing reveal that, after brain injury, transient profibrotic fibroblasts develop from existing brain fibroblasts, infiltrate lesions, regulate the local immune response and lead to beneficial scar tissue formation.

Lipid particles loaded with RNA coding for tumour-unspecific antigens can enhance early responses of type-I interferons, mediating the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors as well as epitope spreading.

IL-23 promotes tumor growth in preclinical cancer models and correlates with adverse clinical outcomes. Here, Becher and colleagues find that IL-23 produced by tumor-associated macrophages stabilizes T_reg cell identity, promoting immunosuppression and tumor growth.

Carbohydrate esterases alter polysaccharides by removing ester groups. Here, the authors resolved crystal structures of two CE20 enzymes and discovered a novel, water-mediated catalytic triad essential for activity, offering insights into enzyme function and mechanism.

Phytoplankton blooms provoke bacterioplankton blooms, from which bacterial biomass (necromass) is released via zooplankton grazing and viral lysis. Here, Beidler et al. show that the bacterial biomass, including alpha-glucan polysaccharides generated from the consumption of algal organic matter, is reused by microbes in vitro and during a diatom-dominated bloom.

Adipose tissue is composed of a number of adipocytes and a number of other cells including immune cells. Here the authors use single-cell sequencing of murine brown adipose tissue immune cells and describe multiple macrophage and monocyte subsets and show that monocytes contribute to brown adipose tissue expansion.

Combining the kinase inhibitor sorafenib with allogeneic stem cell transplantation boosts immune responses against a subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia, suggesting potential clinical benefit.

The development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis has been attributed to cells of the T_H1 or T_H17 subset of helper T cells. Becher and Rostami and their colleagues show that IL-23-induced production of the cytokine GM-CSF underlies disease development and severity.

Streptomyces bacteria produce metabolites with diverse biological activities. Here, Ho et al. show that some of these metabolites are volatile terpenes that attract fruit flies, while other metabolites can kill the insect’s larvae upon ingestion of bacterial spores.

Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is a common and aggressive type of primary brain cancer that currently has no effective therapy. Here, the authors show, using a mouse GBM model and EGFRvIII-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, that Intratumoral injection of interleukin-12 helps condition the microenvironment and promote anti-tumor immunity.

In hepatocellular carcinoma driven by non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, aberrant T cell activation and impaired immune surveillance seem to make hepatocellular carcinoma less responsive to anti-PD1 or anti-PDL1 immunotherapy.

Researchers refer to the approximate invariance in the structure and dynamics of simple liquids among different pair models as quasi-universality, while little is known about its origin. Here, Becher et al.show that the pair potential as a sum of exponential terms fulfils the quasuniversality.

Hundreds of genetic loci associated with age at menopause, combined with experimental evidence in mice, highlight mechanisms of reproductive ageing across the lifespan.

The fate of ocean carbon is determined by the balance between primary productivity and heterotrophic breakdown of that photosynthate. Here the authors show that diatoms produce a polysaccharide that resists bacterial degradation, accumulates, aggregates and stores carbon during spring blooms.

The absence of scaffold protein Ambra1 leads to hyperproliferation and growth in mouse models. Here the authors show that Ambra1 deficiency accelerates melanoma growth and increases metastasis in mouse models of melanoma through FAK1 hyperactivation.

Organelle-specific protein translocation systems are essential for organelle biogenesis and maintenance in eukaryotes. Here, Paulus et al. show that homologous proteins also play a role in the formation and function of bacterial magnetosome organelles.

IL-12 and IL-23 share the common p40 subunit yet have distinct immunological functions with IL-12 typically contributing to Th1 responses and IL-23 to Th17 responses. Here the authors show that current p40 based therapies for psoriasis are counterproductive owing to an IFN-γ-independent tissue protective function of IL-12 in skin.

Genome-wide analysis identifies 32 loci associated with breast cancer susceptibility, accounting for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status and tumor grade.

The T helper subset paradigm has been instrumental in informing our understanding of T cell diversity; however, modern single-cell analyses have revealed the limits of the concept. In their Perspective, Becher and colleagues propose an alternative framework in which to understand T helper diversity, based not on transcription factors and cytokines but rather physiological functionality.

Breast cancer risk for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers varies depending on other genetic factors. Here, the authors perform a case-only genome-wide association study and highlight novel loci associated with breast cancer risk for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers.

Elucidation of a multi-enzyme pathway for degradation of the polysaccharide ulvan by Formosa agariphila provides tools to use ulvan biomass from marine algal blooms as feedstock for renewable sources of carbohydrates.

Obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopic information for catalysts under working conditions remains challenging. Here, an approach that combines X-ray absorption spectroscopy with microtomography is introduced and showcased for the selective catalytic reduction of NO_x with ammonia over a Cu-SSZ-13 washcoated monolith catalyst.

Stoffers, Wolf et al. report that, in virus-mediated myocarditis, GPR15 deficiency delays the recruitment of T cells into cardiac tissue, which impairs viral elimination and leads to delayed but also prolonged inflammation and, thus, adverse cardiac outcomes.

‘Lentimonas’—a marine microorganism from the Verrucomicrobia phylum—has >200 different glycoside hydrolase and sulfatase enzymes enabling digestion of the algal polysaccharide fucoidan, which was thought to be a recalcitrant source of carbon in our oceans.

The S-oxidizing symbiont of the bivalve Codakia orbicularis encodes all proteins required for biological nitrogen fixation. The symbiont's NifH is phylogenetically close to free-living N-fixing Proteobacteria associated with seagrass sediment.

Laser-controlled writing and erasure of antiferromagnetic domains in multiferroic TbMnO₃ using light pulses of two different colours is demonstrated.

The meltome atlas compiles the thermal stability of 48,000 proteins across 13 species ranging from archaea to humans, providing a resource for analyzing protein stability in the context of function and interactions.