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Peroxisomes contain detergent resistant core structures. Bäcker et al. show that these core structures contain diverse enzymes and serve to enable metabolic compartmentalization of the peroxisome lumen.

Bayesian Flow Networks generate diverse, novel, and coherent protein sequences, surpassing prior unconditional generation methods. They also permit flexible conditional generation during inference, which is demonstrated on antibody inpainting tasks.

The ultrafast optical control of resonances in temporally symmetry-broken metasurfaces allows resonances to be created, annihilated or programmably manipulated, which is useful for applications that require active real-time tunability.

How can the brain improve memory for an experience after it has occurred? Halpern et al. use intracranial EEG to show that, even while processing current experiences, people reactivate old ones and re-encode them, turning thoughts into memories.

It is known that exercise influences many human traits, but not which tissues and genes are most important. This study connects transcriptome data collected across 15 tissues during exercise training in rats as part of the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium with human data to identify traits with similar tissue specific gene expression signatures to exercise.

Longitudinal population-based surveillance identifies shifts in HIV transmission patterns related to age and sex, suggesting that HIV programmes to increase HIV suppression in men are crucial to reduce incidence in women.

Glucocorticoids are associated with stress. Here, the authors show that high levels of glucocorticoid stress promote secretory autophagy of matrix metalloproteinase 9 via a stress responsive chaperone, increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor processing and potentially altering adult synaptic plasticity.

VEGF-A/VEGFR2 signaling is a key driver of endothelial cell migration during sprouting angiogenesis. Here Genet et al. show that endophilin A2 regulates these processes by mediating clathrin-independent VEGFR2 internalization.

Protein biosynthesis is a major target of existing antibiotics that inhibit the efficiency or fidelity of the bacterial ribosome. Here, the authors show that a synthetic peptide displays bactericidal activity through a different mechanism, inducing co-translational aggregation of nascent peptidic chains.

Heterochromatin factor KAP-1 is phosphorylated by ATM during the DNA damage response. Now the functional consequences of this modification are explored, revealing that the phosphorylated C-terminal region of KAP-1 perturbs the interaction between auto-SUMOylated KAP-1 and CHD3/Mi-2a, a component of the chromatin remodeler NuRD. This results in CHD3 dispersion from heterochromatin and allows DNA repair to proceed.

Miniaturizing electromagnetic coils enhances magnetic field generation for micro-sensor applications but requires effective heat dissipation to manage Joule heating. Here, through innovative radial heat flux design, the authors present microcoils achieving static fields over 600 mT and field gradients exceeding 10⁶ Tm⁻¹ at room temperature, enabling applications in magnetic sensors such as switchable magnetic force microscopy probes.

A common immune signature in the blood of patients with COVID-19, who are otherwise clinically heterogeneous, sheds light into the pathogenesis and clinical progression of the disease.

High numbers of COVID-19-related deaths have been reported in the United States, but estimation of the true numbers of infections is challenging. Here, the authors estimate that on 1 June 2020, 3.7% of the US population was infected with SARS-CoV-2, and 0.01% was infectious, with wide variation by state.

Alzheimer’s disease is heterogeneous in its neuroimaging and clinical phenotypes. Here the authors present a semi-supervised deep learning method, Smile-GAN, to show four neurodegenerative patterns and two progression pathways providing prognostic and clinical information.

Organelle-specific protein translocation systems are essential for organelle biogenesis and maintenance in eukaryotes. Here, Paulus et al. show that homologous proteins also play a role in the formation and function of bacterial magnetosome organelles.

Eyewitness errors contribute to wrongful convictions. Here, the authors present a lineup procedure that reveals the structure of eyewitness memory, reduces decision bias, and measures performance of individual witnesses.

Somatic evolutionary analysis of neuroblastoma, a pediatric tumor, proposes a common fetal time of origin. Notably, high-risk tumors exhibit early genomic instability and prolonged evolution, and this evolutionary duration predicts clinical outcomes.

Genomic evolutionary rates are decomposed to identify the dominant lineages and genes driving rate variation across the phylogeny of birds.

Imaging of lipid bilayers using light microscopy is challenging. Here the authors label cells using a short chain click-compatible ceramide to visualize mammalian and bacterial membranes with expansion microscopy.

Systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study reported that, despite global improvements from 1990 to 2021, dietary iron deficiency-associated disease burden remains high in women, children and residents in low socio-demographic index countries.

Via spin-exchange interactions with ⁵¹V⁵⁺ ions, an optically addressed ¹⁷¹Yb³⁺ qubit in a nuclear-spin-rich yttrium orthovanadate crystal is used to implement a reproducible nuclear-spin-based quantum memory, and entangled Yb–V Bell states are demonstrated.

Metal carbonyl complexes show photoreactivity interesting for catalytic and biological applications. Here the authors capture the structural dynamics of the photodissociation of iron pentacarbonyl in real space and time using ultrafast X-ray scattering.

In this study, the authors assess the global response to the toxic aldehyde glyoxal (GO) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, suggesting that GO controls quorum sensing during infection through a mechanism involving a novel protein, ArqI.

Here, the authors implement molecular dynamics simulations to model ATP-driven enzymatic reactions, revealing how the enzyme CK1δ phosphorylates condensates of the neurodegeneration linked protein TDP-43 and triggers the dissolution of condensates.

Patients with neurodevelopmental conditions without a monogenic diagnosis have a higher polygenic burden than those with a monogenic diagnosis. Non-transmitted common alleles in the parents are associated with the child’s phenotype, and the common and rare variants conferring risk are correlated.

Alternative stable states in forests have implications for the biosphere. Here, the authors combine forest biodiversity observations and simulations revealing that leaf types across temperate regions of the NH follow a bimodal distribution suggesting signatures of alternative forest states.

In situ cryo-ET imaging and live-cell fluorescence microscopy reveal that septal peptidoglycan architecture and divisome activity modulate bacterial morphogenesis in Escherichia coli.

About half of the current available phosphorus in agricultural soil globally is derived from anthropogenic sources, according to country-scale simulations of phosphorus dynamics between 1950 and 2017.

Actin cables affect lifespan by supporting movement and inheritance of fitter mitochondria to daughter cells in yeast. Here the authors show that branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) levels affect actin cable stability and a role for YKL075C/AAN1 in control of BCAA metabolism and actin cable stability and function.

Large pulses of disturbance have been observed globally in response to climate change. Using Taylor’s Law, the authors show that those pulses were not unpredictable but expected given a strong scaling between mean disturbance rates and variability of disturbances rates through time.

Analysis of cancer genome sequencing data has enabled the discovery of driver mutations. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium the authors present DriverPower, a software package that identifies coding and non-coding driver mutations within cancer whole genomes via consideration of mutational burden and functional impact evidence.

Current digital hardware struggles with high computational demands in applications such as probabilistic AI. Here, authors present a small-scale thermodynamic computer composed of eight RLC circuits, demonstrating Gaussian sampling and matrix inversion, suggesting potential speed and energy efficiency advantages over digital GPUs.

Understanding the dynamics of the gut microbiota over the course of cancer treatment regimens and their associated adverse events can help identify microbial features that associate with response to immune checkpoint blockade.

Spectra decomposes gene expression data into interpretable programs using prior knowledge.

Microporous hydrogels have potential in 3D tissue culture, but precise control over pore formation is challenging. Here, the authors report the use of photopolymerization-induced phase separation to prepare hydrogels suitable for 3D cell culture and bioprinting.

Measurements of the proton’s electromagnetic structure show enhancement of its electric generalized polarizability compared with theoretical expectations, confirming the presence of a new dynamical mechanism not accounted for by current theories.

The role of cohesin in organizing a functional nuclear architecture remains poorly understood. Here the authors show that cohesin depleted cells pass through endomitosis forming a multilobulated nucleus able to proceed through S-phase with typical features of active and inactive nuclear compartments and spatio-temporal patterns of replication domains.

Analytical gaps limit the utility of scATAC-seq for studying gene regulatory programs in human disease. Here, authors describe MOCHA, a robust analytical tool with advanced statistical modelling that enables functional genomic inference in large cross-sectional and longitudinal human studies.

FinFETs are an evolution of metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) featuring a semiconducting channel vertically wrapped by conformal gate electrodes. Here, the authors use a two-dimensional semiconductor to push the FinFET width to sub-nm whilst achieving a 107 ON/OFF ratio.

The affected cellular populations during Alzheimer’s disease progression remain understudied. Here the authors use a cohort of 84 donors, quantitative neuropathology and multimodal datasets from the BRAIN Initiative. Their pseudoprogression analysis revealed two disease phases.

The authors measure numerous ecosystem functions across an elevational gradient on Mt Kilimanjaro and find that species richness impacts function more than species turnover across sites. They also show that variation in species richness impacts ecosystem functioning more strongly at the landscape scale than at the local scale.

Enzymes with identical sequences of amino acids can display varying activities when encoded with mRNA with different properties, but why this is the case has been a mystery. Now, it has been shown that synonymous mutations in mRNA alter the partitioning of proteins into long-lived soluble misfolded states with varying activities.

Prostate cancer (PrCa) involves a large heritable genetic component. Here, the authors perform multivariate fine-mapping of known PrCa GWAS loci, identifying variants enriched for biological function, explaining more familial relative risk, and with potential application in clinical risk profiling.

RNA splicing variations could help identify cancer subtypes, but this task is computationally challenging. Here, the authors develop CHESSBOARD, a Bayesian tile finding algorithm for splicing data which identifies patterns in the form of tiles and can discover leukemia subgroups associated with therapeutic response.

Geospatial estimates of the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age across 82 low-income and middle-income countries reveals considerable heterogeneity and inequality at national and subnational levels, with few countries on track to meet the WHO Global Nutrition Targets by 2030.

The authors combine biologically-inspired learning techniques with neuromorphic hardware to implement an energy-efficient system that demonstrates rapid learning of unseen tasks across various domains.

Fishing has had a profound impact on global reef shark populations, and the absence or presence of sharks is strongly correlated with national socio-economic conditions and reef governance.

Lightning Pose is an efficient pose estimation approach that requires few labeled training data owing to its semi-supervised learning strategy and ensembling.