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MedHELM, an extensible evaluation framework including a new taxonomy for classifying medical tasks and a benchmark of many datasets across these categories, enables the evaluation of large language models on real-world clinical tasks.

Wood density is an important plant trait. Data from 1.1 million forest inventory plots and 10,703 tree species show a latitudinal gradient in wood density, with temperature and soil moisture explaining variation at the global scale and disturbance also having a role at the local level.

A non-precious metal cobalt phosphide hydrogen evolution catalyst is found to be active and durable in a commercial-scale polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyser.

Aqueous clusters are important in a variety of biological and materials systems. Here Willset al. develop a theoretical approach based on a group additivity relationship which allows the evaluation of a wide range of clusters without the need of cumbersome ab initiocalculations.

The influence of climate on premodern civil conflict and societal instability is debated. Here, the authors combine archeological, historical, and paleoclimatic datasets to show that drought between 1400-1450 cal. CE escalated civil conflict at Mayapan, the largest Postclassic Maya capital of the Yucatán Peninsula.

Glycosylation of human IgG antibodies in bacterial hosts has proven challenging. Here, the authors identify a bacterial enzyme enabling E. coli to glycosylate IgGs at native sites, thereby advancing therapeutic antibody development in this host.

Metagenomic analyses of European pig and poultry farms show differing resistome profiles and an association with country-level antibiotic use.

It is not fully understood if the probability of synaptic vesicle release is homogenous or varies between individual boutons. Here the authors perform optical quantal analyses of individual Schaffer collateral synapses, showing that multivesicular release enables a tenfold increase in glutamate output and that the vesicular release probability is not uniform between synapses.

Genome-wide and epigenome-wide association studies both link genomic regions to human traits, but here the authors demonstrate that these study types are capturing different genes and biological aspects of complex traits.

Nature benefits people in diverse ways, but insight on the relative value of conserving or restoring versus using intensively is limited. Synthesizing data from 62 sites worldwide, this study finds benefits from conservation and restoration often outweighing private ones and that these rise with the social cost of carbon.

Perovskite solar cells are stable under light and heat stress during operation. Zhao et al. report on the photothermal instability of conventional metal oxide contacts and propose a bilayer polymer contact that enables over 1,400 h of device operation at 65 °C.

Meroterpenes are a particularly important class of biologically active bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-containing molecules. Here, the authors report a general strategy toward these valuable targets based on abiotic annulation/rearrangement steps resulting in a concise total synthesis of garsubellin A.

DNA-programmed colloidal assembly of macroscopic crystals for photonic applications remains elusive. Here, the authors use insights from studies of nucleation and seeded growth to develop a two-step method for assembling macroscopic photonic crystals.

Genomic analyses of major clades of huge phages sampled from across Earth’s ecosystems show that they have diverse genetic inventories, including a variety of CRISPR–Cas systems and translation-relevant genes.

The success of transcatheter therapeutics relies heavily on the choice of vascular access site and on adequate arteriotomy closure. In this article, Byrne and colleagues review the state-of-the-art and future developments in vascular closure devices. They also compare the safety and efficacy of radial artery and femoral artery access for diagnostic and interventional procedures.

Quantum error mitigation improves the accuracy of quantum computers at a computational overhead. Liao et al. demonstrate that classical machine learning models can deliver accuracy comparable to that of conventional techniques while reducing quantum computational costs.

Substantial investment will be required in renewables to implement climate change mitigation. Here, the authors focus on Latin America and the Caribbean and find that climate impacts on renewables would result in additional investments $12-114 billion by 2100.

There's more to science than doing the research.

Intraspecies response to climate change is expected to align with genetic affinity. Using the American pika as a case study suggests that divisions of species distributions best explain intraspecific heterogeneity in climate relationships.

CRISPR activation of 1,836 human transcription factors recapitulates fibroblast transcriptional states observed in vivo and identifies regulators that can revert inflammatory states.

The ‘parliament of genes’ hypothesis suggests that selfish genetic elements will be counteracted by suppressors that maintain equal transmission of the rest of the genome. Here, the authors find support for this hypothesis using mathematical models to explore a range of different scenarios.

Cation–π interactions are critical for the adhesion proteins of marine organisms, yet the energetics of cation–π interactions in underwater environments remains uncharted. Nanoscale force measurements and NMR spectroscopy reveal that interfacial confinement fundamentally alters the energetics of cation–π mediated assembly.

Genetic effects on gene expression by variants at expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), can contribute to human genetic diseases. Here, Liet al. present a method to study eQTLs with effects on protein translation on a transcriptome-wide scale.

The fraction of plant biomass in aboveground versus root tissues has implications for carbon storage and dynamics. Here the authors collate a dataset on root-mass fractions and use these data to explore large scale patterns of belowground plant biomass.

David Hurst Thomas explores the controversies over collections of human remains and plundered artefacts.

Satellite imagery, vessel GPS data and deep-learning models are used to map industrial fishing vessel activities missing from public tracking systems and changes in offshore energy infrastructure in the world’s coastal waters during 2017–2021.

The cnidarian moon jellyfish Aurelia has a medusa life stage with a complex neural system. By comparing the Aurelia genome and transcriptomes from different life stages with those of other cnidarians, the authors show that life cycle complexity is not associated with increased number of genes.

Synthetic materials tend to excel in either stiffness or extensibility, whereas a combination of the two is necessary to exceed the performance of natural biomaterials. Here the authors present a bioinspired polymer consisting of cyclic β-peptide rings that is capable of transitioning between rigid and unfolded conformations on demand.

Designing efficient and low power memristors-based neuromorphic systems remains a challenge. Here, the authors present graphene-based multi-level (>16) and non-volatile memristive synapses with arbitrarily programmable conductance states capable of weight assignment based on k-means clustering.

What are the most important questions that the HIV field needs to answer to make progress? Nature Medicine asked this question to a group of HIV researchers to identify some of the key roadblocks in HIV research.

Water flows from the land to the sea in rivers - that is the classroom picture that seems too self–evident to question. But there is evidence that a comparable amount may flow underground directly into coastal waters.

Tests making use of carrier-bound antibodies can identify bacteria in less than five minutes, with results visible to the naked eye.

Many Japanese companies are keen to recruit foreign scientists, and as employers they have much to offer. More researchers should take up the opportunities available for work in Japan.

With the annual exodus from labs and lecture theatres on the horizon, Nature's regular reviewers and editors share some gripping holiday reads.

Cryo-electron microscopy was used to determine the high-resolution structure of the antigen-binding fragment of tusamitamab bound to the A3-B3 domains of CEACAM5. The conformational constraints discovered in this study may inform the rational design of new CEACAM5-targeting therapies.

Animal physiology, including reproduction, could respond to climate change in complex ways. Here, the authors use experiments with an insect model system to show that simulated heatwaves harm male reproductive potential by reducing sperm number and viability, an effect which persisted into the next generation

A report of the X-ray signature of an accreting black hole in a globular star cluster associated with the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 4472.