Renal biopsy analysis remains the best method to establish the cause of acute or chronic kidney allograft dysfunction. In this Review, Winfred Williams and colleagues provide an overview of the utility of performing kidney graft biopsies after transplantation. The wide variety of pathological features that characterize the major clinical diagnoses facing the clinician are also discussed. The authors also provide insights into emerging technologies that might expand our knowledge of the mechanisms of allograft dysfunction and the development of precise treatment protocols.
- Winfred W. Williams
- Diana Taheri
- Robert B. Colvin
